助

助 U+52A9, 助
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52A9
← 动
[U+52A8] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 努 →
[U+52AA]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

助 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 月一大尸 (BMKS), four-corner 74127, composition ⿰且力)

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 146, character 27
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2313
  • Dae Jaweon: page 330, character 16
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 368, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+52A9

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 助
alternative forms 㫑
𦔳
𧴧
𤋰
𠡎

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 助
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (且) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
虘 *zaːl, *zaː
蔖 *zlaːl, *sʰaːʔ
摣 *rnaː, *ʔsraː
袓 *ʔsjaː, *zaʔ
怚 *ʔsjaː, *ʔsas, *zaʔ
罝 *ʔsjaː
謯 *ʔslja, *ʔsraːʔ
姐 *ʔsjaːʔ
抯 *ʔsljaːʔ, *ljaːʔ, *ʔsraː
飷 *ʔsjaːʔ
且 *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa
趄 *sʰjaːs, *sʰa
笡 *sʰjaːs
查 *ʔsraː, *zraː, *zraː
柤 *ʔsraː
樝 *ʔsraː
皻 *ʔsraː
渣 *ʔsraː
楂 *zraː
苴 *zraː, *ʔsa, *ʔsaʔ, *sʰa
駔 *ʔslaːŋʔ, *zaːʔ
租 *ʔsaː
蒩 *ʔsaː, *ʔsaːʔ, *sʰa
祖 *ʔsaːʔ
組 *ʔsaːʔ
珇 *ʔsaːʔ
靻 *ʔsaːʔ
粗 *sʰaː, *zaːʔ
徂 *zaː
殂 *zaː
麆 *zaːʔ, *zras
伹 *zaːʔ, *sʰa
蛆 *ʔsa, *sʰa
沮 *ʔsa, *ʔsas, *sʰa, *zaʔ, *ʔsra
咀 *ʔsaʔ, *zaʔ
疽 *sʰa
雎 *sʰa
狙 *sʰa, *sʰas
岨 *sʰa
砠 *sʰa
坥 *sʰa, *sʰas
刞 *sʰas
覰 *sʰas
覷 *sʰas
跙 *zaʔ
筯 *das
菹 *ʔsra
葅 *ʔsra
阻 *ʔsraʔ, *ʔsras
俎 *ʔsraʔ
詛 *ʔsraʔ, *ʔsras
鉏 *zra, *zraʔ
豠 *zra
鋤 *zra
耡 *zra, *zras
齟 *zraʔ
助 *zras

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *zras): phonetic 且 (OC *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa) + semantic 力 (“strong arm”) – to help with one’s strength.

Pronunciation

Note:
  • câe̤ - vernacular;
  • cô - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 助
Mandarin Beijing /ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹/
Harbin /ʈ͡ʂu⁵³/
Tianjin /t͡su⁵³/
Jinan /ʈ͡ʂu²¹/
Qingdao /ʈ͡ʂu⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʈ͡ʂu³¹²/
Xi'an /p͡fu⁴⁴/
Xining /ʈ͡ʂv̩²¹³/
Yinchuan /t͡su¹³/
Lanzhou /p͡fu¹³/
Ürümqi /ʈ͡ʂu²¹³/
Wuhan /t͡səu³⁵/
Chengdu /t͡su¹³/
Guiyang /t͡su²¹³/
Kunming /t͡su²¹²/
Nanjing /t͡su⁴⁴/
Hefei /t͡su⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡su⁴⁵/
Pingyao /t͡sz̩ʷ³⁵/
Hohhot /t͡su⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /zu²³/
Suzhou /zəu³¹/
Hangzhou /d͡zu¹³/
Wenzhou /zɤu²²/
Hui Shexian /t͡sʰu²²/
Tunxi /t͡sʰəu¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡sʰəu⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /d͡zəɯ²¹/
Gan Nanchang /t͡sʰu²¹/
Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰz̩⁵³/
Taoyuan /t͡sʰu⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sɔ²²/
Nanning /t͡sɔ²²/
Hong Kong /t͡sɔ²²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /t͡sɔ²²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /t͡sou²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /t͡su⁴⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /t͡so³⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /to³³/ 訓佐
Rime
Character 助
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 崇 (20)
Final (韻) 魚 (22)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 牀據切
Baxter dzrjoH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/d͡ʒɨʌH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɖ͡ʐiɔH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/d͡ʒiɔH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɖ͡ʐɨə̆H/
Li
Rong 		/d͡ʒiɔH/
Wang
Li 		/d͡ʒĭoH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ɖ͡ʐʱi̯woH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zhù
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zo6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 助
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		zhù
Middle
Chinese 		‹ dzrjoH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[dz]ra-s/
English help (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 助
Reading # 1/1
No. 10457
Phonetic
component 		且
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		助
Old
Chinese 		/*zras/

Definitions

助

  1. to help; to aid; to assist

Synonyms

Antonyms

Compounds

Descendants

  • → Thai: ช่วย (chûai)

References

Japanese

Kanji

助

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

  • Go-on: じょ (jo, Jōyō)←じよ (zyo, historical)
  • Kan-on: そ (so)
  • Kun: たすける (tasukeru, 助ける, Jōyō)、たすかる (tasukaru, 助かる, Jōyō)、すける (sukeru, 助ける)、すけ (suke, 助, Jōyō)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
助
すけ
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) すけ [sùké] (Heiban – [0])
  • IPA(key): [sɨ̥ke̞]

Noun

助(すけ) • (suke) 

  1. assistance

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
助
じょう
Grade: 3
goon

From Middle Chinese 助 (MC dzrjoH).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [d͡ʑo̞ː]

Prefix

助(じょ) • (jo-) ←じよ (zyo-)?

  1. help
  2. assistant

References

Korean

Hanja

助 (eumhun 도울 조 (doul jo))

  1. hanja form? of 조 (“help”)

Compounds

Vietnamese

Han character

助: Hán Việt readings: trợ[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
助: Nôm readings: rợ[2][3][4][5][6][7], chữa[1][3][5][6][7], chợ[1][3], đợ[3], trựa[7]

  1. chữ Hán form of trợ (“to help; to aid; to assist”)
  2. chữ Nôm form of chợ (“market”)
  3. chữ Nôm form of chữa (“to repair; to mend; to cure”)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hồ (1976).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Bonet (1899).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Génibrel (1898).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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