वच्
Sanskrit
Alternative forms
- उच् (uc) — samprasāraṇa form
- वोच् (voc) — from the aorist stem
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- ৱচ্ (Assamese script)
- ᬯᬘ᭄ (Balinese script)
- বচ্ (Bengali script)
- 𑰪𑰓𑰿 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀯𑀘𑁆 (Brahmi script)
- ဝစ် (Burmese script)
- વચ્ (Gujarati script)
- ਵਚ੍ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌵𑌚𑍍 (Grantha script)
- ꦮꦕ꧀ (Javanese script)
- 𑂫𑂒𑂹 (Kaithi script)
- ವಚ್ (Kannada script)
- វច៑ (Khmer script)
- ວຈ຺ (Lao script)
- വച് (Malayalam script)
- ᠸᠠᢜ (Manchu script)
- 𑘪𑘓𑘿 (Modi script)
- ᠸᠠᢋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧊𑦳𑧠 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐰𑐔𑑂 (Newa script)
- ଵଚ୍ (Odia script)
- ꢮꢗ꣄ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆮𑆖𑇀 (Sharada script)
- 𑖪𑖓𑖿 (Siddham script)
- වච් (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩾𑩡 𑪙 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚦𑚏𑚶 (Takri script)
- வச் (Tamil script)
- వచ్ (Telugu script)
- วจฺ (Thai script)
- ཝ་ཙ྄ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒫𑒔𑓂 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨭𑨣𑨴 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *wekʷ- (“to speak”). Cognates include Middle Dutch gewāgen (“to speak”), Latin vōx (“voice”), Ancient Greek ὄψ (óps, “voice”) and Persian آواز (âvâz, “voice”).
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /ʋɐt͡ɕ/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /ʋɐt͡ɕ/
Root
वच् • (vac)
- to say, speak, utter
- to proclaim, declare
- to recite
- to revile [with accusative]
- (Can we date this quote?), The Buddha, Dhammapada(pāḷi) (subsequently translated from Pali to Sanskrit), Yamakavagga, page 26; republished in The Eighteenth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Khuddaka-Nikāya[1], Colombo, 2009:
- 3 ආක්රොශන්මාමවොචන්මාම ජයන්මාමහාපයත්
අත්ර යෙ උපනහ්යන්තෙ වෛරං තෙෂාං න ශාම්යති- 3 Ākrośanmāmavocanmāma jayanmāmahāpayat
Atra ye upanahyante vairaṃ teṣāṃ na śāmyati. - They abused me, they reviled me, they defeated me and plundered me.
Hatred does not subside for those who nurse grudges thus.
- 3 Ākrośanmāmavocanmāma jayanmāmahāpayat
Usage notes
This root supplies tenses for ब्रू (brū), which only has a present stem.
Derived terms
Primary verbal forms
- वक्ति (vakti, present)
- विव॑क्ति (vívakti, present)
- व॒क्ष्यति॑ (vakṣyáti, future)
- व॒क्ता (vaktā́, periphrastic future)
- अवो॑चत् (ávocat, aorist)
- उच्यात् (ucyāt, benedictive)
- उ॒वाच॑ (uvā́ca, perfect)
Secondary forms
- उ॒च्यते॑ (ucyáte, passive)
- अवा॑चि (ávāci, passive aorist)
- वाचयति (vācayati, causative)
- अवीवचत् (avīvacat, causative aorist)
- वाच्यते (vācyate, passive of causative)
- विवक्षति (vivakṣati, desiderative)
- विवक्ष्यते (vivakṣyate, passive of desiderative)
- वावचीति (vāvacīti, intensive)
Non-finite forms
- उ॒क्त (uktá, past participle)
- वक्तु॑म् (váktum, infinitive)
- वक्त॑वे (váktave, infinitive)
- वक्तो॑स् (váktos, infinitive)
- उक्त्वा (uktvā, gerund)
- वाच्य॑ (vā́cya, gerundive)
- व॒क्त॒व्य॑ (vaktavyà, gerundive)
- वचनीय (vacanīya, gerundive)
- वक्त्व॑ (váktva, gerundive)
- वाचयितव्य (vācayitavya, causative gerundive)
- विवक्षु (vivakṣu, desiderative participle)
Derived nominal forms
Prefixed root forms
- अतिवच् (ativac)
- अधिवच् (adhivac)
- अनुवच् (anuvac)
- अभिवच् (abhivac)
- आवच् (āvac)
- उपवच् (upavac)
- निर्वच् (nirvac)
- परावच् (parāvac)
- प्रतिवच् (prativac)
- प्रवच् (pravac)
- विवच् (vivac)
- संवच् (saṃvac)
Sanskrit terms belonging to the root वच् (0 c, 16 e)
Terms derived from the Sanskrit root वच् (8 c, 0 e)
References
- Monier Williams (1899), “वच्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 912, column 1.
- William Dwight Whitney (1885), The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 151
- Hellwig, Oliver (2010–2026), “vac”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][2] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 489-491