ध्वरति

Sanskrit

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *dʰwerh₁-?

Sanskrit ध्वृ (dhvṛ)

Sanskrit ध्वरति

A later thematic formation from the root ध्वृ (dhvṛ), displacing original धूर्व॑ति (dhū́rvati); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwerh₁-. Cognate with Hittite [script needed] (du-wa-ar-ni-iz-zi /⁠duwarnizi⁠/, “to break”).^[1]

Previously the following theories were proposed but rejected by modern scholars on semantic grounds:^[2]

Related to Proto-Germanic *dwaljaną (> Old English dwellan (“to deceive”), dwell), and thus to be derived from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwel(H)- (“to err, go awry, make obscure”).^[3]
Related to Parthian [script needed] (dr’w-, “to seduce”) (< Proto-Iranian *draw-), Latin fraus (“deceit, fraud”), and thus from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrew-. Compare ध्रुति (dhrúti, “deception”), Prakrit 𑀥𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀢 (dhutta, “villain”), which are most likely actually from that root.^[4]

Also note the discussion in LIV about considerations for splitting this word from the Hittite one.^[5]

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /dʱʋɐ́.ɾɐ.ti/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /d̪ʱʋɐ.ɾɐ.t̪i/

Verb

ध्वर॑ति • (dhvárati) third-singular indicative (class 1, type P, present, root ध्वृ)^[6]

to bend, cause to fall
- c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda

Conjugation

Present: ध्वर॑ति (dhvárati), ध्वर॑ते (dhvárate)
	Active			Mediopassive
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Indicative
Third	ध्वर॑ति dhvárati	ध्वर॑तः dhvárataḥ	ध्वर॑न्ति dhváranti	ध्वर॑ते dhvárate	ध्वरे॑ते dhvárete	ध्वर॑न्ते dhvárante
Second	ध्वर॑सि dhvárasi	ध्वर॑थः dhvárathaḥ	ध्वर॑थ dhváratha	ध्वर॑से dhvárase	ध्वरे॑थे dhvárethe	ध्वर॑ध्वे dhváradhve
First	ध्वरा॑मि dhvárāmi	ध्वरा॑वः dhvárāvaḥ	ध्वरा॑मः / ध्वरा॑मसि¹ dhvárāmaḥ / dhvárāmasi¹	ध्वरे॑ dhváre	ध्वरा॑वहे dhvárāvahe	ध्वरा॑महे dhvárāmahe
Imperative
Third	ध्वर॑तु dhváratu	ध्वर॑ताम् dhváratām	ध्वर॑न्तु dhvárantu	ध्वर॑ताम् dhváratām	ध्वरे॑ताम् dhváretām	ध्वर॑न्ताम् dhvárantām
Second	ध्वर॑ dhvára	ध्वर॑तम् dhváratam	ध्वर॑त dhvárata	ध्वर॑स्व dhvárasva	ध्वरे॑थाम् dhvárethām	ध्वर॑ध्वम् dhváradhvam
First	ध्वरा॑णि dhvárāṇi	ध्वरा॑व dhvárāva	ध्वरा॑म dhvárāma	ध्वरै॑ dhvárai	ध्वरा॑वहै dhvárāvahai	ध्वरा॑महै dhvárāmahai
Optative/Potential
Third	ध्वरे॑त् dhváret	ध्वरे॑ताम् dhváretām	ध्वरे॑युः dhváreyuḥ	ध्वरे॑त dhváreta	ध्वरे॑याताम् dhváreyātām	ध्वरे॑रन् dhváreran
Second	ध्वरेः॑ dhváreḥ	ध्वरे॑तम् dhváretam	ध्वरे॑त dhváreta	ध्वरे॑थाः dhvárethāḥ	ध्वरे॑याथाम् dhváreyāthām	ध्वरे॑ध्वम् dhváredhvam
First	ध्वरे॑यम् dhváreyam	ध्वरे॑व dhváreva	ध्वरे॑म dhvárema	ध्वरे॑य dhváreya	ध्वरे॑वहि dhvárevahi	ध्वरे॑महि dhváremahi
Subjunctive
Third	ध्वरा॑त् / ध्वरा॑ति dhvárāt / dhvárāti	ध्वरा॑तः dhvárātaḥ	ध्वरा॑न् dhvárān	ध्वरा॑ते / ध्वरा॑तै dhvárāte / dhvárātai	ध्वरै॑ते dhváraite	ध्वर॑न्त / ध्वरा॑न्तै dhváranta / dhvárāntai
Second	ध्वराः॑ / ध्वरा॑सि dhvárāḥ / dhvárāsi	ध्वरा॑थः dhvárāthaḥ	ध्वरा॑थ dhvárātha	ध्वरा॑से / ध्वरा॑सै dhvárāse / dhvárāsai	ध्वरै॑थे dhváraithe	ध्वरा॑ध्वै dhvárādhvai
First	ध्वरा॑णि dhvárāṇi	ध्वरा॑व dhvárāva	ध्वरा॑म dhvárāma	ध्वरै॑ dhvárai	ध्वरा॑वहै dhvárāvahai	ध्वरा॑महै dhvárāmahai
Participles
	ध्वर॑त् dhvárat			ध्वर॑माण dhváramāṇa
Notes	The subjunctive is only used in Vedic Sanskrit. ¹Vedic

Descendants

Dardic:
- Kashmiri:
  Sharada script: 𑆃𑇋𑆝𑆫𑆶𑆤 (ạḍarun)
  
  Devanagari script: ॳडरुन (ạḍarun)
  
  Arabic script: أڈَرُن (ạḍarun)
>? Prakrit: 𑀠𑀮𑀇 (ḍhalaï, “to fall, drip”)
- Central Indo-Aryan:
  - Hindustani:
    - Hindi: ढलना (ḍhalnā)
    - Urdu: ڈھلنا (ḍhalnā)
  - Old Awadhi: ढरइ (ḍharaï)
- Eastern Indo-Aryan:
  - Bengali-Assamese:
    - Assamese: ঢলা (dhola), ঢালা (dhala)
    - Bengali: ঢালা (ḍhala)
    - Sylheti: ꠓꠣꠟꠣ (ḍála)
  - Odia: ଢଳିବା (ḍhaḷibā)
- Northern Indo-Aryan:
  - Kumaoni: ढल्णो (ḍhalṇo)
  - Nepali: ढल्नु (ḍhalnu)
- Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
  - Punjabi: ਢਲਣਾ / ڈھلݨا (ḍhalṇā)
- Southern Indo-Aryan:
  - Marathi: ढळणे (ḍhaḷṇe)
- Western Indo-Aryan:
  - Gujarati: ઢળવું (ḍhaḷvũ)
^[7]

References

^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “duu̯arni-^zi / duu̯arn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1045
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “DHVAR”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 802
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1963), “dhvárati”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[2] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 118
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*drau³”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 78
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*dʰu̯er-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 159
^ Monier Williams (1899), “ध्वरति”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 522.
^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “*ḍhalati”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 316

[1] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “duu̯arni-^zi / duu̯arn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1045

[2] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “DHVAR”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 802

[3] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1963), “dhvárati”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[2] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 118

[4] Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*drau³”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 78

[5] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*dʰu̯er-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 159

[6] Monier Williams (1899), “ध्वरति”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 522.

[7] Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “*ḍhalati”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 316

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