Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dwaljaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dʰwel-der.
Proto-Germanic *dwalaz
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Germanic *-janą
Proto-Germanic *dwaljaną

    From *dwalaz (“confused, stunned, foolish, misled, mad”) +‎ *-janą (“factitive suffix”),[1] additionally conflated with *dwelaną (“to err”) +‎ *-janą (“causative suffix”), both ultimately from the same origin.[2]

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /ˈdwɑl.jɑ.nɑ̃/

    Verb

    *dwaljaną[1][2]

    1. to be confused, perplex
    2. to hold up, delay

    Inflection

    Conjugation of *dwaljaną (weak class 1)
    active voice passive voice
    present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
    1st singular *dwaljō *dwaljaų — *dwaljai ?
    2nd singular *dwalisi *dwaljais *dwali *dwaljasai *dwaljaisau
    3rd singular *dwaliþi *dwaljai *dwaljaþau *dwaljaþai *dwaljaiþau
    1st dual *dwaljōs *dwaljaiw — — —
    2nd dual *dwaljaþiz *dwaljaiþiz *dwaljaþiz — —
    1st plural *dwaljamaz *dwaljaim — *dwaljanþai *dwaljainþau
    2nd plural *dwaliþ *dwaljaiþ *dwaliþ *dwaljanþai *dwaljainþau
    3rd plural *dwaljanþi *dwaljain *dwaljanþau *dwaljanþai *dwaljainþau
    past tense indicative subjunctive
    1st singular *dwalidǭ *dwalidēdį̄
    2nd singular *dwalidēz *dwalidēdīz
    3rd singular *dwalidē *dwalidēdī
    1st dual *dwalidēdū *dwalidēdīw
    2nd dual *dwalidēdudiz *dwalidēdīdiz
    1st plural *dwalidēdum *dwalidēdīm
    2nd plural *dwalidēdud *dwalidēdīd
    3rd plural *dwalidēdun *dwalidēdīn
    present past
    participles *dwaljandz *dwalidaz

    Descendants

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Vladimir Orel (2003), “*đwaljanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 81
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*dwaljan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 111-112
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