गर्त
Hindi
Etymology
Etymology tree
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गर्त॑ (gárta), possibly from क॒र्त (kartá), from कृत् (kṛt), or possibly from Proto-Dravidian.
Pronunciation
- (Standard Hindi) IPA(key): /ɡəɾt̪/, [ɡɐɾt̪]
Noun
गर्त • (gart) m
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| direct | गर्त gart |
गर्त gart |
| oblique | गर्त gart |
गर्तों gartõ |
| vocative | गर्त gart |
गर्तो garto |
Further reading
- McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), “गर्त”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press, page 257
- Caturvedi, Mahendra; Bhola Nath Tiwari (1970), “गर्त”, in A practical Hindi-English dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House, page 171
- Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975), “गर्त”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. “Sea of Hindi words”] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha, page 1242
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- গৰ্ত (Assamese script)
- ᬕᬃᬢ (Balinese script)
- গর্ত (Bengali script)
- 𑰐𑰨𑰿𑰝 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀕𑀭𑁆𑀢 (Brahmi script)
- ဂရ်္တ (Burmese script)
- ગર્ત (Gujarati script)
- ਗਰ੍ਤ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌗𑌰𑍍𑌤 (Grantha script)
- ꦒꦂꦠ (Javanese script)
- 𑂏𑂩𑂹𑂞 (Kaithi script)
- ಗರ್ತ (Kannada script)
- គត៌ (Khmer script)
- ຄຣ຺ຕ (Lao script)
- ഗര്ത (Malayalam script)
- ᡤᠠᡵᢠᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘐𑘨𑘿𑘝 (Modi script)
- ᠺᠠᠷᢐᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦰𑧈𑧠𑦽 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐐𑐬𑑂𑐟 (Newa script)
- ଗର୍ତ (Odia script)
- ꢔꢬ꣄ꢡ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆓𑆫𑇀𑆠 (Sharada script)
- 𑖐𑖨𑖿𑖝 (Siddham script)
- ගර්ත (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩞𑩼 𑪙𑩫 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚌𑚤𑚶𑚙 (Takri script)
- க³ர்த (Tamil script)
- గర్త (Telugu script)
- ครฺต (Thai script)
- ག་རྟ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒑𑒩𑓂𑒞 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨍𑨫𑩇𑨙 (Zanabazar Square script)
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /ɡɐ́ɾ.tɐ/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /ɡɐɾ.t̪ɐ/
Etymology 1
Etymology tree
Uncertain. Probably related to क॒र्त (kartá, “hole”).[1]
Noun
गर्त॑ • (gárta) stem, m or n [2][3]
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | गर्तः॑ (gártaḥ) | गर्तौ॑ (gártau) गर्ता॑¹ (gártā¹) |
गर्ताः॑ (gártāḥ) गर्ता॑सः¹ (gártāsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | गर्त॑म् (gártam) | गर्तौ॑ (gártau) गर्ता॑¹ (gártā¹) |
गर्ता॑न् (gártān) |
| instrumental | गर्ते॑न (gártena) | गर्ता॑भ्याम् (gártābhyām) | गर्तैः॑ (gártaiḥ) गर्ते॑भिः¹ (gártebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | गर्ता॑य (gártāya) | गर्ता॑भ्याम् (gártābhyām) | गर्ते॑भ्यः (gártebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | गर्ता॑त् (gártāt) | गर्ता॑भ्याम् (gártābhyām) | गर्ते॑भ्यः (gártebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | गर्त॑स्य (gártasya) | गर्त॑योः (gártayoḥ) | गर्ता॑नाम् (gártānām) |
| locative | गर्ते॑ (gárte) | गर्त॑योः (gártayoḥ) | गर्ते॑षु (gárteṣu) |
| vocative | गर्त॑ (gárta) | गर्तौ॑ (gártau) गर्ता॑¹ (gártā¹) |
गर्ताः॑ (gártāḥ) गर्ता॑सः¹ (gártāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | गर्त॑म् (gártam) | गर्ते॑ (gárte) | गर्ता॑नि (gártāni) गर्ता॑¹ (gártā¹) |
| accusative | गर्त॑म् (gártam) | गर्ते॑ (gárte) | गर्ता॑नि (gártāni) गर्ता॑¹ (gártā¹) |
| instrumental | गर्ते॑न (gártena) | गर्ता॑भ्याम् (gártābhyām) | गर्तैः॑ (gártaiḥ) गर्ते॑भिः¹ (gártebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | गर्ता॑य (gártāya) | गर्ता॑भ्याम् (gártābhyām) | गर्ते॑भ्यः (gártebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | गर्ता॑त् (gártāt) | गर्ता॑भ्याम् (gártābhyām) | गर्ते॑भ्यः (gártebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | गर्त॑स्य (gártasya) | गर्त॑योः (gártayoḥ) | गर्ता॑नाम् (gártānām) |
| locative | गर्ते॑ (gárte) | गर्त॑योः (gártayoḥ) | गर्ते॑षु (gárteṣu) |
| vocative | गर्त॑ (gárta) | गर्ते॑ (gárte) | गर्ता॑नि (gártāni) गर्ता॑¹ (gártā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
- Prakrit: 𑀕𑀟𑁆𑀟 (gaḍḍa) (with unexplained voicing)
- Central Indo-Aryan:
- Eastern Indo-Aryan:
- Assamese: গাৰা (gara)
- Bengali: গাড় (gaṛ), গাড়া (gaṛa, “hole, to bury”)
- Odia: ଗାଡ଼ (gāṛa), ଗାଡ଼ିଆ (gāṛiā), ଗାଡ଼ିବା (gāṛibā)
- Northern Indo-Aryan:
- Nepali: गाड़्नु (gāṛnu, “to bury”)
- Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
- Punjabi:
- Gurmukhi script: ਗੱਡਣਾ (gaḍḍaṇā, “to bury”)
- Shahmukhi script: گڈݨا (gaḍḍaṇā)
- Punjabi:
- Southern Indo-Aryan:
- Marathi: गाडणे (gāḍṇe, “to bury”)
- Western Indo-Aryan:
- Gujarati: ગરાડ (garāḍ), ગરાડો (garāḍo), ગાડવું (gāḍvũ)
- Marwari: गाडणौ (gāḍṇau)
- Mewari: गाडणो (gāḍṇo)
- Romani: garavel
- Borrowed terms
Etymology 2
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ger-der.?
Proto-Dravidiander.?
Sanskrit गर्त॑
Unknown, unrelated to Etymology 1. Some theories:[4]
- Per Petersen, supposing an earlier meaning "chariot basket woven from twigs", inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gor-tos, from *ger- (“to braid”) and thus cognate with Latvian galds (“board”), Old Norse karmr (“frame”) (whence Swedish karm, Icelandic karmur).[5] Peterson also relates it to गु॒ण (guṇá, “string”) (< *gr̥-nós), जाल (jāla, “net”) (< *gē-rom), but these etymologies are not widely accepted.
- Per Burrow, borrowed from Dravidian; compare Kannada ಗರ್ದುಗೆ (garduge), ಗದ್ದುಗೆ (gadduge) and Telugu గద్దె (gadde).[6][7] Mayrhofer rejects this.[8]
Likely related to Prakrit *𑀕𑀤𑁆𑀤 (*gadda, “seat”) (whence e.g. Hindi गद्दी (gaddī, “cushion”)), and possibly also Ashokan Prakrit *𑀕𑀸𑀟𑁆𑀟 (*gāḍḍa, “cart”).
Noun
गर्त॑ • (gárta) stem, m [2][3]
- a high seat, throne (of Mitra and Varuṇa), "a house"
- the seat of a war chariot
- a chariot
- a table for playing at dice
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | गर्तः॑ (gártaḥ) | गर्तौ॑ (gártau) गर्ता॑¹ (gártā¹) |
गर्ताः॑ (gártāḥ) गर्ता॑सः¹ (gártāsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | गर्त॑म् (gártam) | गर्तौ॑ (gártau) गर्ता॑¹ (gártā¹) |
गर्ता॑न् (gártān) |
| instrumental | गर्ते॑न (gártena) | गर्ता॑भ्याम् (gártābhyām) | गर्तैः॑ (gártaiḥ) गर्ते॑भिः¹ (gártebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | गर्ता॑य (gártāya) | गर्ता॑भ्याम् (gártābhyām) | गर्ते॑भ्यः (gártebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | गर्ता॑त् (gártāt) | गर्ता॑भ्याम् (gártābhyām) | गर्ते॑भ्यः (gártebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | गर्त॑स्य (gártasya) | गर्त॑योः (gártayoḥ) | गर्ता॑नाम् (gártānām) |
| locative | गर्ते॑ (gárte) | गर्त॑योः (gártayoḥ) | गर्ते॑षु (gárteṣu) |
| vocative | गर्त॑ (gárta) | गर्तौ॑ (gártau) गर्ता॑¹ (gártā¹) |
गर्ताः॑ (gártāḥ) गर्ता॑सः¹ (gártāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
- >? Ashokan Prakrit: *𑀕𑀸𑀟𑁆𑀟 (*gāḍḍa, “cart”) (with spontaneous voicing and retroflexion)
- >? Prakrit: *𑀕𑀤𑁆𑀤 (*gadda, “seat”) (with spontaneous voicing)
References
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956), “gártaḥ¹”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary][1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 372
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Monier Williams (1899), “गर्त”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, pages 349/1-2.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890), “गर्त”, in The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, Poona: Prasad Prakashan
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956), “gártaḥ²”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary][2] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 372
- ^ Petersson, Herbert (1911), Studien zu Fortunatovs Regel[3], Lund: Håkan Ohlssons Buchdruckerei, page 100
- ^ Burrow, T[homas] (1948), “Dravidian Studies VII: Further Dravidian words in Sanskrit”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London[4], volume 12, number 2, page 377 of 365–396
- ^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “*garda²”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 217
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “gárta-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][5] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 472-473