गुण
Hindi
Etymology
Borrowed from Sanskrit गुण (guṇá).
Pronunciation
- (Standard Hindi) IPA(key): /ɡʊɳ/, [ɡʊ̃ɳ]
Noun
गुण • (guṇ) m (Urdu spelling گُن)
- quality, condition
- उसके कोई अच्छे गुण हैं ही नहीं।
- uske koī acche guṇ ha͠i hī nahī̃.
- He has no good qualities at all.
- characteristic, property
- merit, virtue
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| direct | गुण guṇ |
गुण guṇ |
| oblique | गुण guṇ |
गुणों guṇõ |
| vocative | गुण guṇ |
गुणो guṇo |
Alternative forms
- गुन (gun) — Braj Bhāshā, dated
Marathi
Etymology
Borrowed from Sanskrit गुण (guṇá).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɡuɳ/, [ɡuːɳ]
Noun
गुण • (guṇ) m
- (good) quality,
- attribute, property
- excellence, merit, virtue
- benefit, advantage, good, gain
- product, effect, matter (produced or resulting)
- marks
Declension
| Declension of गुण (masc cons-stem) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| direct singular |
गुण guṇ | ||
| direct plural |
गुण guṇ | ||
| singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन | ||
| nominative प्रथमा |
गुण guṇ |
गुण guṇ | |
| oblique सामान्यरूप |
गुणा guṇā |
गुणां- guṇān- | |
| acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी |
गुणाला guṇālā |
गुणांना guṇānnā | |
| ergative | गुणाने, गुणानं guṇāne, guṇāna |
गुणांनी guṇānnī | |
| instrumental | गुणाशी guṇāśī |
गुणांशी guṇānśī | |
| locative सप्तमी |
गुणात guṇāt |
गुणांत guṇāt | |
| vocative संबोधन |
गुणा guṇā |
गुणांनो guṇānno | |
| Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition. | |||
| Genitive declension of गुण (masc cons-stem) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म |
feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म |
neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म |
oblique सामान्यरूप | |||||
| singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
singular* एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
|||
| singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता |
गुणाचा guṇāċā |
गुणाचे guṇāċe |
गुणाची guṇācī |
गुणाच्या guṇācā |
गुणाचे, गुणाचं guṇāċe, guṇāċa |
गुणाची guṇācī |
गुणाच्या guṇācā | |
| plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता |
गुणांचा guṇānċā |
गुणांचे guṇānċe |
गुणांची guṇāñcī |
गुणांच्या guṇāncā |
गुणांचे, गुणांचं guṇānċe, guṇānċa |
गुणांची guṇāñcī |
गुणांच्या guṇāñcā | |
| * Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition. | ||||||||
References
- Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983), “गुण”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
- Molesworth, James Thomas (1857), “गुण”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
Old Gujarati
Etymology
Borrowed from Sanskrit गुण (guṇá).
Noun
गुण • (guṇa) m
Descendants
- Gujarati: ગુણ (guṇ)
Pali
Alternative forms
Alternative scripts
Noun
गुण m
Declension
Declension table of "गुण" (masculine)
| Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative (first) | गुणो (guṇo) | गुणा (guṇā) |
| Accusative (second) | गुणं (guṇaṃ) | गुणे (guṇe) |
| Instrumental (third) | गुणेन (guṇena) | गुणेहि (guṇehi) or गुणेभि (guṇebhi) |
| Dative (fourth) | गुणस्स (guṇassa) or गुणाय (guṇāya) or गुणत्थं (guṇatthaṃ) | गुणानं (guṇānaṃ) |
| Ablative (fifth) | गुणस्मा (guṇasmā) or गुणम्हा (guṇamhā) or गुणा (guṇā) | गुणेहि (guṇehi) or गुणेभि (guṇebhi) |
| Genitive (sixth) | गुणस्स (guṇassa) | गुणानं (guṇānaṃ) |
| Locative (seventh) | गुणस्मिं (guṇasmiṃ) or गुणम्हि (guṇamhi) or गुणे (guṇe) | गुणेसु (guṇesu) |
| Vocative (calling) | गुण (guṇa) | गुणा (guṇā) |
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- গুণ (Assamese script)
- ᬕᬸᬡ (Balinese script)
- গুণ (Bengali script)
- 𑰐𑰲𑰜 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀕𑀼𑀡 (Brahmi script)
- ဂုဏ (Burmese script)
- ગુણ (Gujarati script)
- ਗੁਣ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌗𑍁𑌣 (Grantha script)
- ꦒꦸꦟ (Javanese script)
- 𑂏𑂳𑂝 (Kaithi script)
- ಗುಣ (Kannada script)
- គុណ (Khmer script)
- ຄຸຓ (Lao script)
- ഗുണ (Malayalam script)
- ᡤᡠᢏᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘐𑘳𑘜 (Modi script)
- ᠺᠤᢏᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦰𑧔𑦼 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐐𑐸𑐞 (Newa script)
- ଗୁଣ (Odia script)
- ꢔꢸꢠ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆓𑆶𑆟 (Sharada script)
- 𑖐𑖲𑖜 (Siddham script)
- ගුණ (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩞𑩒𑩪 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚌𑚰𑚘 (Takri script)
- கு³ண (Tamil script)
- గుణ (Telugu script)
- คุณ (Thai script)
- གུ་ཎ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒑𑒳𑒝 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨍𑨃𑨘 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ger-der.?
Sanskrit गुण
Unknown. The oldest attested meaning is “time, occurrence”, though the original meaning is probably “hair” or “string”.[1]
The most convincing set of cognates so far is Iranian: Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬊𐬥𐬀 (gaona, “colour”), Pashto غونه (γūna, “colour”), Persian گون (gun, “color; species”).
Some theories:[2]
- Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *gr̥nás (with retroflexion perhaps due to Fortunatov's law, i.e. *gl̥ṇás, but this is not espoused by all proposals), from Proto-Indo-European *gr̥-nós, from *ger- (“to braid”). But the retention of a participle like this without the root being inherited otherwise is unusual. Compare ग॒र्त (gartá, “seat”), जाल (jāla, “net”).[3]
- Per Rice, from गु (gu, “cow”) + -न (-na) with original meaning “beef tendon”, with the retroflexion a colloquial development. This is largely rejected.
- Compare Gothic 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌳𐌰 (kunawida, “fetters”); rejected by Mayrhofer.
- Compare Avestan 𐬔𐬏𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (gūnaoiti, “increases”), from Proto-Iranian *gaw-; Cheung does not list the Sanskrit word (or any Indo-European terms) as cognate, however.[4]
For the semantic development “string” > “time, occurrence”, compare the proposed etymology of Hindi दूसरा (dūsrā, “second”), तीसरा (tīsrā, “third”), where the second element is Sanskrit सर (sara, “cord”).
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /ɡu.ɳɐ́/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /ɡu.ɳɐ/
Noun
गु॒ण • (guṇá) stem, m
- string, strand
- sinew (of a bow)
- string (of an instrument)
- time (occurrence)
- quality, property
- (grammar, ablaut) full grade of vowels, ie /a/, /ar/, /e/, and /o/ (contrasts with zero grade and lengthened grade/vṛddhi)
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | गु॒णः (guṇáḥ) | गु॒णौ (guṇáu) गु॒णा¹ (guṇā́¹) |
गु॒णाः (guṇā́ḥ) गु॒णासः॑¹ (guṇā́saḥ¹) |
| accusative | गु॒णम् (guṇám) | गु॒णौ (guṇáu) गु॒णा¹ (guṇā́¹) |
गु॒णान् (guṇā́n) |
| instrumental | गु॒णेन॑ (guṇéna) | गु॒णाभ्या॑म् (guṇā́bhyām) | गु॒णैः (guṇáiḥ) गु॒णेभिः॑¹ (guṇébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | गु॒णाय॑ (guṇā́ya) | गु॒णाभ्या॑म् (guṇā́bhyām) | गु॒णेभ्यः॑ (guṇébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | गु॒णात् (guṇā́t) | गु॒णाभ्या॑म् (guṇā́bhyām) | गु॒णेभ्यः॑ (guṇébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | गु॒णस्य॑ (guṇásya) | गु॒णयोः॑ (guṇáyoḥ) | गु॒णाना॑म् (guṇā́nām) |
| locative | गु॒णे (guṇé) | गु॒णयोः॑ (guṇáyoḥ) | गु॒णेषु॑ (guṇéṣu) |
| vocative | गुण॑ (gúṇa) | गुणौ॑ (gúṇau) गुणा॑¹ (gúṇā¹) |
गुणाः॑ (gúṇāḥ) गुणा॑सः¹ (gúṇāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
- Borrowed terms
References
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “guṇá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 489
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956), “guṇáḥ”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary][2] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 338
- ^ Petersson, Herbert (1911), Studien zu Fortunatovs Regel[3], Lund: Håkan Ohlssons Buchdruckerei
- ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*gau”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 112
Further reading
- Monier Williams (1899), “गुण”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0357, column 1.
- Otto Böhtlingk; Richard Schmidt (1879-1928), “गुण”, in Walter Slaje, Jürgen Hanneder, Paul Molitor, Jörg Ritter, editors, Nachtragswörterbuch des Sanskrit [Dictionary of Sanskrit with supplements] (in German), Halle-Wittenberg: Martin-Luther-Universität, published 2016