εἰμί

See also: εἶμι, εἰμι, and Έιμι

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

Etymology

    From Proto-Hellenic *ehmi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésmi (“I am, I exist”). [1]

    Cognate with Old English eom (whence English am), Latin sum, Sanskrit अस्मि (ásmi), Old Armenian եմ (em), and so on. More at *h₁es- (“to be, exist”). Not to be confused with εἶμι (eîmi) (to go).

    Pronunciation

     

    Verb

    εἰμῐ́ • (eimĭ́)

    1. to be; to exist
      1. (of events) to happen
      2. to be the case
        • a. 1452/1454, Plethon, “λϛʹ. Προσρήσεών τε καὶ ὕμνων χρήσεως διάταξις. [lst’. Prosrḗseṓn te kaì húmnōn khrḗseōs diátaxis., CHAPTER 36. Instruction for the use of addresses and hymns]”, in Νομων Συγγραφη. [Book of Laws]‎[1], translation of original by John Opsopaus, PhD:
          ...ἐάν δ’ ἱερέων μηδεὶς παρῇ, τὸν τῆς προσκυνήσεως κατάρξαντα ἰδιώτην, καὶ ταύτην ἐπιλέγειν τὴν εὐχήν, οὐκέτι μέντοι ἐπαίροντα τὼ χεῖρε· πρὸς δέ, καὶ ἀντὶ τοῦ ὑμῖν, ἡμῖν λέγοντα· καὶ τοὺς λοιπούς· ‘εἶεν· εἶεν· εἶεν’, ὑποκριναμένους, οὕτω ἀπολύεσθαι·
          ...eán d’ hieréōn mēdeìs parēî, tòn tês proskunḗseōs katárxanta idiṓtēn, kaì taútēn epilégein tḕn eukhḗn, oukéti méntoi epaíronta tṑ kheîre; pròs dé, kaì antì toû humîn, hēmîn légonta; kaì toùs loipoús; ‘eîen; eîen; eîen’, hupokrinaménous, hoútō apolúesthai;
          ...But if no priest is present, the individual who began the adoration also adds the prayer, but without raising [his] hands, in addition saying “us” instead of “you”; and the rest, answering “Be it so! Be it so! Be it so!”, are thus released.
    2. (of persons) to live
    3. (copulative) to be [with nominative ‘something, someone’]
    4. (third person, impersonal) it is possible [with infinitive ‘that ...’]
      Synonym: ἔξεστῐ (éxestĭ)

    Usage notes

    • Used as Aorist: ἐγενόμην (egenómēn) and as Present Perfect: γέγονα (gégona) from verb γίγνομαι (gígnomai, “come into being”)
    • All forms of the present active indicative except 2nd person singular (εἶ) are enclitic.

    Conjugation

       Present: εἰμῐ́ (Attic)
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative εἰμῐ́ εἶ ἐστῐ́(ν) ἐστόν ἐστόν ἐσμέν ἐστέ εἰσῐ́(ν)
    subjunctive ὦ ᾖς ᾖ ἦτον ἦτον ὦμεν ἦτε ὦσῐ(ν)
    optative εἴην εἴης εἴη εἴητον,
    εἶτον     		εἰήτην,
    εἴτην     		εἴημεν,
    εἶμεν     		εἴητε,
    εἶτε     		εἴησᾰν,
    εἶεν
    imperative   ῐ̓́σθῐ,
    ἔσο,
    ἔο     		ἔστω,
    ἤτω     		ἔστον ἔστων   ἔστε ἔστωσᾰν,
    ἔστων,
    ὄντων
    active
    infinitive εἶναι
    participle m ὤν
    f οὖσᾰ
    n ὄν
    Notes:
    This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Present: εἰμῐ́ (Epic)
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative εἰμῐ́ ἐσσῐ́,
    εἶς     		ἐστῐ́ ἐστόν ἐστόν εἰμέν ἐστέ ἔᾱσῐ(ν),
    εἰσῐ́(ν)
    subjunctive ἔω ἔῃς,
    ᾖς     		ἔῃ,
    ἔῃσῐ(ν),
    ᾖσῐ(ν)     		ἔητον,
    ἦτον     		ἔητον,
    ἦτον     		ἔωμεν,
    ὦμεν     		ἔητε,
    ἦτε     		ἔωσῐ(ν),
    ὦσῐ(ν)
    optative εἴην εἴης,
    εἴησθᾰ,
    ἔοις     		εἴη,
    ἔοι     		εἴητον,
    εἶτον     		εἰήτην,
    εἴτην     		εἴημεν,
    εἶμεν     		εἴητε,
    εἶτε     		εἴησᾰν,
    εἶεν
    imperative   ἔσσο ἔστω ἔστον ἔστων   ἔστε ἔστων
    active
    infinitive εἶναι,
    ἔμμεναι,
    ἔμεναι,
    ἔμμεν,
    ἔμεν
    participle m ἐών,
    ὤν
    f ἐοῦσᾰ,
    οὖσᾰ
    n ἐόν,
    ὄν
    Notes:
    Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Imperfect: ἦ(ν), ἤμην (Attic)
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative ἦ(ν) ἦσθᾰ,
    ἦς     		ἦν ἦστον,
    ἦτον     		ἤστην,
    ἤτην     		ἦμεν ἦτε ἦσᾰν
    middle indicative ἤμην ἔσο,
    ἔο     		      ἤμεθᾰ    
    Notes:
    This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Imperfect: ἔᾱ, ἤμην (Epic)
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    active indicative ἔᾱ,
    ἦᾰ,
    ἔον,
    ἔσκον     		ἔησθᾰ,
    ἦσθᾰ     		ἔην,
    ἦν,
    ἤην,
    ἦεν,
    ἔσκε(ν)     		ἦστον ἤστην ἦμεν ἦτε ἔσᾰν,
    ᾔεσᾰν,
    ἦσᾰν
    middle indicative ἤμην         ἤμεθᾰ    
    Notes:
    Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Future: ἔσομαι (Attic)
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    middle indicative ἔσομαι ἔσῃ,
    ἔσει     		ἔσται,
    ἔσεται     		ἔσεσθον ἔσεσθον ἐσόμεθᾰ ἔσεσθε ἔσονται
    optative ἐσοίμην ἔσοιο ἔσοιτο ἔσοισθον ἐσοίσθην ἐσοίμεθᾰ ἔσοισθε ἔσοιντο
    middle
    infinitive ἔσεσθαι
    participle m ἐσόμενος
    f ἐσομένη
    n ἐσόμενον
    Notes:
    This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
       Future: ἔσσομαι (Epic)
    number singular dual plural
    first second third second third first second third
    middle indicative ἔσσομαι,
    ἔσομαι     		ἔσσεαι,
    ἔσεαι,
    ἔσσῃ,
    ἔσῃ     		ἔσσεται,
    ἔσεται,
    ἔσται,
    ἐσσεῖται     		ἔσσεσθον,
    ἔσεσθον     		ἔσσεσθον,
    ἔσεσθον     		ἐσσόμεθᾰ,
    ἐσσόμεσθᾰ,
    ἐσόμεθᾰ,
    ἐσόμεσθᾰ     		ἔσσεσθε,
    ἔσεσθε     		ἔσσονται,
    ἔσονται
    optative ἐσσοίμην,
    ἐσοίμην     		ἔσσοιο,
    ἔσοιο     		ἔσσοιτο,
    ἔσοιτο     		ἔσσοισθον,
    ἔσοισθον     		ἐσσοίσθην,
    ἐσοίσθην     		ἐσσοίμεθᾰ,
    ἐσσοίμεσθᾰ,
    ἐσοίμεθᾰ,
    ἐσοίμεσθᾰ     		ἔσσοισθε,
    ἔσοισθε     		ἐσσοίᾰτο,
    ἐσοίᾰτο
    middle
    infinitive ἔσσεσθαι,
    ἐσσεῖσθαι,
    ἔσεσθαι
    participle m ἐσσόμενος
    f ἐσσομένη
    n ἐσσόμενον
    Notes:
    Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

    Derived terms

    Descendants

    • Byzantine Greek: εἶμαι (eîmai)
    • Mariupol Greek: и́ми (ími)

    References

    1. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “εἰμί”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 389

    Further reading

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