pendeo

Latin

Etymology

    From Proto-Italic *pendēō, from earlier *pendējō, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pn̥d-éh₁ye-ti, from *(s)pend- (“to stretch, pull, draw”). Related to pendō, pondus.[1]

    Pronunciation

    Verb

    pendeō (present infinitive pendēre, perfect active pependī); second conjugation, no passive, no supine stem (intransitive)

    1. to hang (down), to be suspended; hover, overhang, float
      Synonym: haereō
      • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.88-89:
        [...] pendent opera interrupta, minaeque
        mūrōrum ingentēs aequātaque māchina caelō.
        [...] Works are interrupted — [pieces] hang [in mid-air] — [for] the massive battlements of walls and machines level with the sky.
        (Cranes, hoists, and scaffolds sit idle — construction of Carthage halts — because the queen has become so distracted: The work is both literally and figuratively “suspended.”)
    2. to hang about, loiter, tarry, linger
    3. to be put in public, exposed for sale
      Synonym: liceō
    4. to hang down; to be weak or without strength; sag, droop
    5. to weigh
    6. to have weight or value
    7. to rest or depend upon
      • 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 3.680:
        pendet ab officiō spēs mihi magna tuō.
        A great hope of mine hangs on what you can do for me. (trans. Anne and Peter Wiseman, 2011)
    8. to hang upon a person's words; listen attentively to
      • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.79:
        [...] pendetque iterum nārrantis ab ōre.
        [...] and once again [Dido] hangs on [Aeneas’s] lips [with every] retelling [of his story].
    9. to be suspended, interrupted or discontinued
    10. to be ready to fall, hang suspended
    11. to be uncertain, perplexed or in suspense, waver
      Synonyms: errō, dubitō, fluitō, vagor
      Antonym: cōnstō

    Conjugation

       Conjugation of pendeō (second conjugation, no passive, no supine stem)
    indicative singular plural
    first second third first second third
    active present pendeō pendēs pendet pendēmus pendētis pendent
    imperfect pendēbam pendēbās pendēbat pendēbāmus pendēbātis pendēbant
    future pendēbō pendēbis pendēbit pendēbimus pendēbitis pendēbunt
    perfect pependī pependistī pependit pependimus pependistis pependērunt,
    pependēre
    pluperfect pependeram pependerās pependerat pependerāmus pependerātis pependerant
    future perfect pependerō pependeris pependerit pependerimus pependeritis pependerint
    subjunctive singular plural
    first second third first second third
    active present pendeam pendeās pendeat pendeāmus pendeātis pendeant
    imperfect pendērem pendērēs pendēret pendērēmus pendērētis pendērent
    perfect pependerim pependerīs pependerit pependerīmus pependerītis pependerint
    pluperfect pependissem pependissēs pependisset pependissēmus pependissētis pependissent
    imperative singular plural
    first second third first second third
    active present — pendē — — pendēte —
    future — pendētō pendētō — pendētōte pendentō
    non-finite forms infinitive participle
    active passive active passive
    present pendēre — pendēns —
    perfect pependisse — — —
    verbal nouns gerund supine
    genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
    pendendī pendendō pendendum pendendō — —

    Derived terms

    Descendants

    • Emilian: pànnder
    • Insular Romance:
    • Italo-Dalmatian:
    • Rhaeto-Romance:
    • Gallo-Romance:
      • Old French: pendre (see there for further descendants)
    • Ibero-Romance:
    • ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *pendicāre (see there for further descendants)

    References

    1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “pendō, -ere (> Derivatives > (2) pendēre)”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 457

    Further reading

    • “pendeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • “pendeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
    • pendeo in Enrico Olivetti, editor (2003-2026), Dizionario Latino, Olivetti Media Communication
    • “pendeo”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
    • Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
      • (ambiguous) important results are often produced by trivial causes: ex parvis saepe magnarum rerum momenta pendent
      • (ambiguous) to pay taxes: vectigalia, tributa pendere
      • (ambiguous) to be punished by some one (on account of a thing): poenas alicui pendere (alicuius rei)
    • Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 988
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