gwa

See also: Appendix:Variations of "gwa"

Translingual

Etymology

From English Gwa.

Symbol

gwa

  1. (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Mbato.

See also

  • Wiktionary’s coverage of Mbato terms

Chichewa

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *-gʊ̀a (“to fall”), from Proto-Atlantic-Congo *gwa (“to fall”). Cognate with Rwanda-Rundi -gwa (“to fall”).

Pronunciation

IPA(key): /ɡʷa/

Verb

-gwa (infinitive kugwá)

  1. to fall

Derived terms

  • Verbal derivations:
    • Applicative: -gwera
    • Causative: -gwetsa
    • Negative: -sagwa
    • Other formations: -gwa mvula (“to rain”)

Japanese

Romanization

gwa

  1. The katakana syllable グァ (gwa) in Hepburn romanization.
  2. The katakana syllable グヮ (gwa) in Hepburn romanization.

Komo

Noun

gwa

  1. elephant

References

  • RWC Workshop (eds.). 2015. Komo – English Dictionary. SIL International.

Nyindrou

Noun

gwa

  1. water

References

  • Blust's Austronesian Comparative Dictionary

Rwanda-Rundi

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *-gʊ̀a (“to fall”), from Proto-Atlantic-Congo *gwa (“to fall”).

Verb

-gwa (infinitive kugwa, perfective -gūye)

  1. to fall

Shona

Noun

gwa class 5 (plural magwa class 6)

  1. Karanga form of igwa

Tooro

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *-gʊ̀a, from Proto-Atlantic-Congo *gwa.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ɡwa/

Verb

-gwa (infinitive okugwa)

  1. (intransitive) to fall, to drop
    Near-synonym: -ragara
  2. (ambitransitive) to fail (a test or examination)
    Synonym: -lemwa
    Nkagwa ebizaamu kandi obu nasomiire Bundibugyo. ― I failed exams since I studied in Bundibugyo.[1]
  3. (intransitive) to become insane, to go mad [with iraro ‘madness’]
    Synonym: -hungutuka
  4. (intransitive, of breasts) to droop
  5. (intransitive, of the sun) to set
  6. (intransitive, of rain) to rain

Conjugation

Conjugation of -gwa
infinitives
affirmative okugwa
negative okutagwa
imperatives
affirmative gwa
negative (see second-person negative subjunctive forms)
tense polarity basic forms relative forms1
present habitual affirmative
subject concord + -gwa
person noun class singular plural
first person ngwa tugwa
second person ogwa mugwa
third person 1/2 agwa bagwa
3/4 gugwa egwa
5/6 ligwa gagwa
7/8 kigwa bigwa
9/10 egwa zigwa
11/10 rugwa
12/14 kagwa bugwa
13 — tugwa
14/6 bugwa gagwa
15/6 kugwa
16 hagwa —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -gwa
person noun class singular plural
first person tingwa titugwa
second person togwa timugwa
third person 1/2 tagwa tibagwa
3/4 tigugwa tegwa
5/6 tirigwa tigagwa
7/8 tikigwa tibigwa
9/10 tegwa tizigwa
11/10 tirugwa
12/14 tikagwa tibugwa
13 — titugwa
14/6 tibugwa tigagwa
15/6 tikugwa
16 tihagwa —
subject concord + -tagwa
present continuous affirmative
ni- + subject concord + -gwa
person noun class singular plural
first person ningwa nitugwa
second person noogwa nimugwa
third person 1/2 naagwa nibagwa
3/4 nigugwa neegwa
5/6 nirigwa nigagwa
7/8 nikigwa nibigwa
9/10 neegwa nizigwa
11/10 nirugwa
12/14 nikagwa nibugwa
13 — nitugwa
14/6 nibugwa nigagwa
15/6 nikugwa
16 nihagwa —
subject concord + -rukugwa
negative
ti- + subject concord + -rukugwa
person noun class singular plural
first person tindukugwa titurukugwa
second person torukugwa timurukugwa
third person 1/2 tarukugwa tibarukugwa
3/4 tigurukugwa terukugwa
5/6 tirirukugwa tigarukugwa
7/8 tikirukugwa tibirukugwa
9/10 terukugwa tizirukugwa
11/10 tirurukugwa
12/14 tikarukugwa tiburukugwa
13 — titurukugwa
14/6 tiburukugwa tigarukugwa
15/6 tikurukugwa
16 tiharukugwa —
subject concord + -tarukugwa
present continuative affirmative
ni- + subject concord + -kyagwa
person noun class singular plural
first person ninkyagwa nitukyagwa
second person nookyagwa nimukyagwa
third person 1/2 naakyagwa nibakyagwa
3/4 nigukyagwa neekyagwa
5/6 nirikyagwa nigakyagwa
7/8 nikikyagwa nibikyagwa
9/10 neekyagwa nizikyagwa
11/10 nirukyagwa
12/14 nikakyagwa nibukyagwa
13 — nitukyagwa
14/6 nibukyagwa nigakyagwa
15/6 nikukyagwa
16 nihakyagwa —
subject concord + -rukukyagwa
negative
ti- + subject concord + -kyagwa
person noun class singular plural
first person tinkyagwa titukyagwa
second person tokyagwa timukyagwa
third person 1/2 takyagwa tibakyagwa
3/4 tigukyagwa tekyagwa
5/6 tirikyagwa tigakyagwa
7/8 tikikyagwa tibikyagwa
9/10 tekyagwa tizikyagwa
11/10 tirukyagwa
12/14 tikakyagwa tibukyagwa
13 — titukyagwa
14/6 tibukyagwa tigakyagwa
15/6 tikukyagwa
16 tihakyagwa —
subject concord + -takyagwa
virtual present affirmative
subject concord + -agwa
person noun class singular plural
first person nagwa twagwa
second person wagwa mwagwa
third person 1/2 yagwa baagwa
3/4 gwagwa yagwa
5/6 lyagwa gaagwa
7/8 kyagwa byagwa
9/10 yagwa zaagwa
11/10 rwagwa
12/14 kaagwa bwagwa
13 — twagwa
14/6 bwagwa gaagwa
15/6 kwagwa
16 haagwa —
negative
ti- + subject concord + agwa
person noun class singular plural
first person tinagwa titwagwa
second person tiwagwa timwagwa
third person 1/2 tiyagwa tibaagwa
3/4 tigwagwa tiyagwa
5/6 tiryagwa tigaagwa
7/8 tikyagwa tibyagwa
9/10 tiyagwa tizaagwa
11/10 tirwagwa
12/14 tikaagwa tibwagwa
13 — titwagwa
14/6 tibwagwa tigaagwa
15/6 tikwagwa
16 tihaagwa —
subject concord + -taagwa
present perfect affirmative
subject concord + -gwire
person noun class singular plural
first person ngwire tugwire
second person ogwire mugwire
third person 1/2 agwire bagwire
3/4 gugwire egwire
5/6 ligwire gagwire
7/8 kigwire bigwire
9/10 egwire zigwire
11/10 rugwire
12/14 kagwire bugwire
13 — tugwire
14/6 bugwire gagwire
15/6 kugwire
16 hagwire —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -gwire
person noun class singular plural
first person tingwire titugwire
second person togwire timugwire
third person 1/2 tagwire tibagwire
3/4 tigugwire tegwire
5/6 tirigwire tigagwire
7/8 tikigwire tibigwire
9/10 tegwire tizigwire
11/10 tirugwire
12/14 tikagwire tibugwire
13 — titugwire
14/6 tibugwire tigagwire
15/6 tikugwire
16 tihagwire —
subject concord + -tagwire
near perfective affirmative
subject concord + -akagwa
person noun class singular plural
first person nakagwa twakagwa
second person wakagwa mwakagwa
third person 1/2 yakagwa baakagwa
3/4 gwakagwa yakagwa
5/6 lyakagwa gaakagwa
7/8 kyakagwa byakagwa
9/10 yakagwa zaakagwa
11/10 rwakagwa
12/14 kaakagwa bwakagwa
13 — twakagwa
14/6 bwakagwa gaakagwa
15/6 kwakagwa
16 haakagwa —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -kagwire
person noun class singular plural
first person tinkagwire titukagwire
second person tokagwire timukagwire
third person 1/2 takagwire tibakagwire
3/4 tigukagwire tekagwire
5/6 tirikagwire tigakagwire
7/8 tikikagwire tibikagwire
9/10 tekagwire tizikagwire
11/10 tirukagwire
12/14 tikakagwire tibukagwire
13 — titukagwire
14/6 tibukagwire tigakagwire
15/6 tikukagwire
16 tihakagwire —
subject concord + -takagwire
near past affirmative
subject concord + -gwirege
person noun class singular plural
first person ngwirege tugwirege
second person ogwirege mugwirege
third person 1/2 agwirege bagwirege
3/4 gugwirege egwirege
5/6 ligwirege gagwirege
7/8 kigwirege bigwirege
9/10 egwirege zigwirege
11/10 rugwirege
12/14 kagwirege bugwirege
13 — tugwirege
14/6 bugwirege gagwirege
15/6 kugwirege
16 hagwirege —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -gwirege
person noun class singular plural
first person tingwirege titugwirege
second person togwirege timugwirege
third person 1/2 tagwirege tibagwirege
3/4 tigugwirege tegwirege
5/6 tirigwirege tigagwirege
7/8 tikigwirege tibigwirege
9/10 tegwirege tizigwirege
11/10 tirugwirege
12/14 tikagwirege tibugwirege
13 — titugwirege
14/6 tibugwirege tigagwirege
15/6 tikugwirege
16 tihagwirege —
subject concord + -tagwirege
remote past affirmative
subject concord + -kagwa
person noun class singular plural
first person nkagwa tukagwa
second person okagwa mukagwa
third person 1/2 akagwa bakagwa
3/4 gukagwa ekagwa
5/6 likagwa gakagwa
7/8 kikagwa bikagwa
9/10 ekagwa zikagwa
11/10 rukagwa
12/14 kakagwa bukagwa
13 — tukagwa
14/6 bukagwa gakagwa
15/6 kukagwa
16 hakagwa —
subject concord + -agwire
negative
subject concord + -tagwe
person noun class singular plural
first person ntagwe tutagwe
second person otagwe mutagwe
third person 1/2 atagwe batagwe
3/4 gutagwe etagwe
5/6 litagwe gatagwe
7/8 kitagwe bitagwe
9/10 etagwe ziitagwe
11/10 rutagwe
12/14 katagwe butagwe
13 — tutagwe
14/6 butagwe gatagwe
15/6 kutagwe
16 hatagwe —
subject concord + -taragwire
experiential perfective affirmative
subject concord + -ragwire
person noun class singular plural
first person ndagwire turagwire
second person oragwire muragwire
third person 1/2 aragwire baragwire
3/4 guragwire eragwire
5/6 liragwire garagwire
7/8 kiragwire biragwire
9/10 eragwire ziragwire
11/10 ruragwire
12/14 karagwire buragwire
13 — turagwire
14/6 buragwire garagwire
15/6 kuragwire
16 haragwire —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -kagwaga
person noun class singular plural
first person tinkagwaga titukagwaga
second person tokagwaga timukagwaga
third person 1/2 takagwaga tibakagwaga
3/4 tigukagwaga tekagwaga
5/6 tirikagwaga tigakagwaga
7/8 tikikagwaga tibikagwaga
9/10 tekagwaga tizikagwaga
11/10 tirukagwaga
12/14 tikakagwaga tibukagwaga
13 — titukagwaga
14/6 tibukagwaga tigakagwaga
15/6 tikukagwaga
16 tihakagwaga —
subject concord + -takagwaga
cessative perfective affirmative
subject concord + -aagwire
person noun class singular plural
first person naagwire twagwire
second person waagwire mwagwire
third person 1/2 yaagwire baagwire
3/4 gwagwire yaagwire
5/6 lyagwire gaagwire
7/8 kyagwire byagwire
9/10 yaagwire zaagwire
11/10 rwagwire
12/14 kaagwire bwagwire
13 — twagwire
14/6 bwagwire gaagwire
15/6 kwagwire
16 haagwire —
past habitual affirmative
subject concord + -agwaga
person noun class singular plural
first person nagwaga twagwaga
second person wagwaga mwagwaga
third person 1/2 yagwaga baagwaga
3/4 gwagwaga yagwaga
5/6 lyagwaga gaagwaga
7/8 kyagwaga byagwaga
9/10 yagwaga zaagwaga
11/10 rwagwaga
12/14 kaagwaga bwagwaga
13 — twagwaga
14/6 bwagwaga gaagwaga
15/6 kwagwaga
16 haagwaga —
negative
ti- + subject concord + agwaga
person noun class singular plural
first person tinagwaga titwagwaga
second person tiwagwaga timwagwaga
third person 1/2 tiyagwaga tibaagwaga
3/4 tigwagwaga tiyagwaga
5/6 tiryagwaga tigaagwaga
7/8 tikyagwaga tibyagwaga
9/10 tiyagwaga tizaagwaga
11/10 tirwagwaga
12/14 tikaagwaga tibwagwaga
13 — titwagwaga
14/6 tibwagwaga tigaagwaga
15/6 tikwagwaga
16 tihaagwaga —
subject concord + -taagwaga
near future affirmative
subject concord + -raagwa
person noun class singular plural
first person ndaagwa turaagwa
second person oraagwa muraagwa
third person 1/2 araagwa baraagwa
3/4 guraagwa eraagwa
5/6 liraagwa garaagwa
7/8 kiraagwa biraagwa
9/10 eraagwa ziraagwa
11/10 ruraagwa
12/14 karaagwa buraagwa
13 — turaagwa
14/6 buraagwa garaagwa
15/6 kuraagwa
16 haraagwa —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -aagwe
person noun class singular plural
first person tinaagwe titwagwe
second person tiwaagwe timwagwe
third person 1/2 tiyaagwe tibaagwe
3/4 tigwagwe tiyaagwe
5/6 tiryagwe tigaagwe
7/8 tikyagwe tibyagwe
9/10 tiyaagwe tizaagwe
11/10 tirwagwe
12/14 tikaagwe tibwagwe
13 — titwagwe
14/6 tibwagwe tigaagwe
15/6 tikwagwe
16 tihaagwe —
subject concord + -taagwe
remote future affirmative
subject concord + -ligwa
person noun class singular plural
first person ndigwa tuligwa
second person oligwa muligwa
third person 1/2 aligwa baligwa
3/4 guligwa erigwa
5/6 lirigwa galigwa
7/8 kirigwa birigwa
9/10 erigwa zirigwa
11/10 ruligwa
12/14 kaligwa buligwa
13 — tuligwa
14/6 buligwa galigwa
15/6 kuligwa
16 haligwa —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -ligwa
person noun class singular plural
first person tindigwa tituligwa
second person toligwa timuligwa
third person 1/2 taligwa tibaligwa
3/4 tiguligwa terigwa
5/6 tiririgwa tigaligwa
7/8 tikirigwa tibirigwa
9/10 terigwa tizirigwa
11/10 tiruligwa
12/14 tikaligwa tibuligwa
13 — tituligwa
14/6 tibuligwa tigaligwa
15/6 tikuligwa
16 tihaligwa —
subject concord + -taligwa
future habitual affirmative
subject concord + -raagwaga
person noun class singular plural
first person ndaagwaga turaagwaga
second person oraagwaga muraagwaga
third person 1/2 araagwaga baraagwaga
3/4 guraagwaga eraagwaga
5/6 liraagwaga garaagwaga
7/8 kiraagwaga biraagwaga
9/10 eraagwaga ziraagwaga
11/10 ruraagwaga
12/14 karaagwaga buraagwaga
13 — turaagwaga
14/6 buraagwaga garaagwaga
15/6 kuraagwaga
16 haraagwaga —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -aagwege
person noun class singular plural
first person tinaagwege titwagwege
second person tiwaagwege timwagwege
third person 1/2 tiyaagwege tibaagwege
3/4 tigwagwege tiyaagwege
5/6 tiryagwege tigaagwege
7/8 tikyagwege tibyagwege
9/10 tiyaagwege tizaagwege
11/10 tirwagwege
12/14 tikaagwege tibwagwege
13 — titwagwege
14/6 tibwagwege tigaagwege
15/6 tikwagwege
16 tihaagwege —
subject concord + -taagwege
subjunctive affirmative
subject concord + gwe
person noun class singular plural
first person ngwe tugwe
second person ogwe mugwe
third person 1/2 agwe bagwe
3/4 gugwe egwe
5/6 ligwe gagwe
7/8 kigwe bigwe
9/10 egwe zigwe
11/10 rugwe
12/14 kagwe bugwe
13 — tugwe
14/6 bugwe gagwe
15/6 kugwe
16 hagwe —
negative
subject concord + -tagwa
person noun class singular plural
first person ntagwa tutagwa
second person otagwa mutagwa
third person 1/2 atagwa batagwa
3/4 gutagwa etagwa
5/6 litagwa gatagwa
7/8 kitagwa bitagwa
9/10 etagwa zitagwa
11/10 rutagwa
12/14 katagwa butagwa
13 — tutagwa
14/6 butagwa gatagwa
15/6 kutagwa
16 hatagwa —
—
subjunctive habitual affirmative
subject concord + gwege
person noun class singular plural
first person ngwege tugwege
second person ogwege mugwege
third person 1/2 agwege bagwege
3/4 gugwege egwege
5/6 ligwege gagwege
7/8 kigwege bigwege
9/10 egwege zigwege
11/10 rugwege
12/14 kagwege bugwege
13 — tugwege
14/6 bugwege gagwege
15/6 kugwege
16 hagwege —
hypothetical affirmative
subject concord + -aakugwa
person noun class singular plural
first person naakugwa twakugwa
second person waakugwa mwakugwa
third person 1/2 yaakugwa baakugwa
3/4 gwakugwa yaakugwa
5/6 lyakugwa gaakugwa
7/8 kyakugwa byakugwa
9/10 yaakugwa zaakugwa
11/10 rwakugwa
12/14 kaakugwa bwakugwa
13 — twakugwa
14/6 bwakugwa gaakugwa
15/6 kwakugwa
16 haakugwa —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -aakugwa
person noun class singular plural
first person tinaakugwa titwakugwa
second person tiwaakugwa timwakugwa
third person 1/2 tiyaakugwa tibaakugwa
3/4 tigwakugwa tiyaakugwa
5/6 tiryakugwa tigaakugwa
7/8 tikyakugwa tibyakugwa
9/10 tiyaakugwa tizaakugwa
11/10 tirwakugwa
12/14 tikaakugwa tibwakugwa
13 — titwakugwa
14/6 tibwakugwa tigaakugwa
15/6 tikwakugwa
16 tihaakugwa —
subject concord + -taakugwa
conditional affirmative
subject concord + -aakugwire
person noun class singular plural
first person naakugwire twakugwire
second person waakugwire mwakugwire
third person 1/2 yaakugwire baakugwire
3/4 gwakugwire yaakugwire
5/6 lyakugwire gaakugwire
7/8 kyakugwire byakugwire
9/10 yaakugwire zaakugwire
11/10 rwakugwire
12/14 kaakugwire bwakugwire
13 — twakugwire
14/6 bwakugwire gaakugwire
15/6 kwakugwire
16 haakugwire —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -aakugwire
person noun class singular plural
first person tinaakugwire titwakugwire
second person tiwaakugwire timwakugwire
third person 1/2 tiyaakugwire tibaakugwire
3/4 tigwakugwire tiyaakugwire
5/6 tiryakugwire tigaakugwire
7/8 tikyakugwire tibyakugwire
9/10 tiyaakugwire tizaakugwire
11/10 tirwakugwire
12/14 tikaakugwire tibwakugwire
13 — titwakugwire
14/6 tibwakugwire tigaakugwire
15/6 tikwakugwire
16 tihaakugwire —
subject concord + -taakugwire
object concords
person noun class singular plural
first person -ngwa -tugwa
second person -kugwa -bagwa
third person 1/2 -mugwa
3/4 -gugwa -gigwa
5/6 -ligwa -gagwa
7/8 -kigwa -bigwa
9/10 -gigwa -zigwa
11/10 -rugwa
12/14 -kagwa -bugwa
13 — -tugwa
14/6 -bugwa -gagwa
15/6 -kugwa
16 -hagwa —

1 The forms in this column are reduced relative forms; full relative forms require an augment before the subject concord.


Derived terms

  • Verbal derivations:
    • Applicative: -gwera
    • Long causative: -gwisa
  • Nominal derivations:
    • Bugwaizooba (“west”)
    • omugu w'iraro (“madman”)

References

  1. ^ Bebwa Isingoma (2017), “The Pragmatics of kandi: A Relevance-theoretic Account”, in Argumentum‎[1], volume 13, page 180
  • Kaji, Shigeki (2007), A Rutooro Vocabulary‎[2], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, pages 11, 230–231, 260, 343, 352, 353
  • Rubongoya, L. T. (2013), Katondogorozi y'Orunyoro-Rutooro n'Orungereza [Runyoro–Rutooro-English and English-Runyoro–Rutooro dictionary]‎[3], Kampala: Modrug Publishers, →ISBN, page 110

Yao

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *-gʊ̀a (“to fall”), from Proto-Atlantic-Congo *gwa (“to fall”).

Verb

-gwa (infinitive kugwa)

  1. to fall
  2. (economics) to depreciate

Derived terms

References

  • Ciyawo - English Dictionary: Dikishonale ja Ŵakulijiganya
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