English
Noun
togwa (countable and uncountable, plural togwas)
- a sweet, unfermented beverage, traditionally made from sorghum
Swahili
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Noun
togwa class IX (plural togwa class X)
- a sweet, unfermented beverage, traditionally made from sorghum
Etymology 2
See -toga.
Verb
-togwa (infinitive kutogwa)
- Passive form of -toga
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -togwa
|
| Positive present
|
-natogwa
|
| Subjunctive
|
-togwe
|
| Negative
|
-togwi
|
| Imperative singular
|
togwa
|
|
| Infinitives
|
| Positive
|
kutogwa
|
| Negative
|
kutotogwa
|
|
| Imperatives
|
| Singular
|
togwa
|
| Plural
|
togweni
|
|
| Tensed forms
|
| Habitual
|
hutogwa
|
| Positive past
|
positive subject concord + -litogwa
|
| Negative past
|
negative subject concord + -kutogwa
|
|
| Positive present (positive subject concord + -natogwa)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
ninatogwa/natogwa
|
tunatogwa
|
| 2nd person
|
unatogwa
|
mnatogwa
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
anatogwa
|
wanatogwa
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -natogwa
|
|
| Negative present (negative subject concord + -togwi)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
sitogwi
|
hatutogwi
|
| 2nd person
|
hutogwi
|
hamtogwi
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
hatogwi
|
hawatogwi
|
| other classes
|
negative subject concord + -togwi
|
|
| Positive future
|
positive subject concord + -tatogwa
|
| Negative future
|
negative subject concord + -tatogwa
|
|
| Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -togwe)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
nitogwe
|
tutogwe
|
| 2nd person
|
utogwe
|
mtogwe
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
atogwe
|
watogwe
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -togwe
|
|
| Negative subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -sitogwe
|
| Positive present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngetogwa
|
| Negative present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singetogwa
|
| Positive past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngalitogwa
|
| Negative past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singalitogwa
|
|
| Gnomic (positive subject concord + -atogwa)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
natogwa
|
twatogwa
|
| 2nd person
|
watogwa
|
mwatogwa
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
atogwa
|
watogwa
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
watogwa
|
yatogwa
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
latogwa
|
yatogwa
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
chatogwa
|
vyatogwa
|
| n(IX/X)
|
yatogwa
|
zatogwa
|
| u(XI)
|
watogwa
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
kwatogwa
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
patogwa
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
mwatogwa
|
|
|
| Perfect
|
positive subject concord + -metogwa
|
| "Already"
|
positive subject concord + -meshatogwa
|
| "Not yet"
|
negative subject concord + -jatogwa
|
| "If/When"
|
positive subject concord + -kitogwa
|
| "If not"
|
positive subject concord + -sipotogwa
|
| Consecutive
|
katogwa / positive subject concord + -katogwa
|
| Consecutive subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -katogwe
|
|
| Object concord (indicative positive)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
-nitogwa
|
-tutogwa
|
| 2nd person
|
-kutogwa
|
-watogwa/-kutogweni/-watogweni
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
-mtogwa
|
-watogwa
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-utogwa
|
-itogwa
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-litogwa
|
-yatogwa
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-kitogwa
|
-vitogwa
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-itogwa
|
-zitogwa
|
| u(XI)
|
-utogwa
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kutogwa
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-patogwa
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-mutogwa
|
|
| Reflexive
|
-jitogwa
|
|
| Relative forms
|
| General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -togwa- + relative marker)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-togwaye
|
-togwao
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-togwao
|
-togwayo
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-togwalo
|
-togwayo
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-togwacho
|
-togwavyo
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-togwayo
|
-togwazo
|
| u(XI)
|
-togwao
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-togwako
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-togwapo
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-togwamo
|
|
|
| Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -togwa)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-yetogwa
|
-otogwa
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-otogwa
|
-yotogwa
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lotogwa
|
-yotogwa
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-chotogwa
|
-vyotogwa
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-yotogwa
|
-zotogwa
|
| u(XI)
|
-otogwa
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kotogwa
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-potogwa
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-motogwa
|
|
|
|
| Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.
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