frith-
Irish
Alternative forms
- fri- (before t)
Etymology
From Old Irish frith- (“counter-, beside, against”), from the verbal nouns of Old Irish verbs like fris·beir, fris·aicci, fris·indlea with the initial preverb fri, from Proto-Celtic *writ- (compare Welsh wrth, prefix gwrth-), from the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”) (compare Latin versus (“against”)).
Prefix
frith-
Derived terms
- friofac
- frith-chuaranfa
- frithagóid
- fritháireamh
- fritháirigh
- frithbhuille
- frithchatóid
- frithcheilg
- frithchiallach
- frithchioclón
- frithchléireach
- frithchomhairle
- frithchosc
- frithchosúil
- frithchothromaíocht
- frithchúiseamh
- frithchur
- frithdhearbhú
- frithdhílse
- frithdhleathacht
- frithdhúnadh
- frithéasc
- frithfhillteach
- frithghaoth
- frithgheall
- frithghealltanas
- frithghiniúint
- frithghiniúnach
- frithghníomh
- frithghob
- frithghoin
- frithghreannach
- frithiontráil
- frithloighceacht
- frithluail
- frithlúbthacht
- frithmhúr
- frithráigh
- frithshá
- frithsheasmhach
- frithsheasmhacht
- frithsheipteach
- frithsheipteán
- frithsheiptigh
- frithsheol
- frithshóisialta
- frithshruth
- frithshuigh
- frithspréigh
- frithstróf
- fritonn
- fritoradh
- fritreo
- fritreomhar
- na fritíortha
Mutation
| radical | lenition | eclipsis |
|---|---|---|
| frith- | fhrith- | bhfrith- |
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
Further reading
- Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “frith-”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
Old Irish
Alternative forms
- fre-, fri- (before stops)
- fris-, fres- (before resonants)
Etymology
From Proto-Celtic *writ- (compare Welsh wrth, prefix gwrth-), from the zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”) (compare Latin versus (“against”)).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɸʲɾʲiθʲ-/
Prefix
frith- (pretonic fris-)
Usage notes
There are three basic shapes of the prefix, used in the following manner:
- Frith- proper manifests as such before morpheme-initial vowels.
- frith- (“beside”) + aire (“watching”) → frithaire (“vigil”, literally “watching beside”)
- frith- + orcun (“striking down”) → frithorcun (“injury”)
- Fris- and fres- tend to appear before resonants. Originally fres- was created by a following vowel lowering the vowel in older fris-, but by Old Irish times the two variants were interchangeable.
- Fre- and fri- were used before stops. Like with fris- and fres-, the distribution of these two variants originally depended on whether the following morpheme caused its original -i- to lower to -e-, but by the Old Irish period this distribution was not strictly followed. It triggered no mutation of the next morpheme in line.
- frith- (“beside”) + cor (“putting”) → frecor (“cultivation, worship”)
- frith- (“against”) + tuidecht (“coming”) → frituidecht (“opposition”, literally “coming against”)
Later on, the non-frith- forms became fossilized as frith- overtook the other shapes in productivity. Frith- also caused lenition of the initial consonant of a following morpheme as this happened. For instance, frith- + gním (“work”) → frithgnam (“pains, labour, work”).
Derived terms
Descendants
Scottish Gaelic
Etymology
From frith.
Prefix
frith-