Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kréwh₂s

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology 1

From *krewh₂- (“blood outside the body”) +‎ *-s (root nominal suffix).

Noun

*kréwh₂s m or f^[1]

blood

Declension

Athematic, amphikinetic
	singular
nominative	*kréwh₂s
genitive	*kruh₂és
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kréwh₂s	*kréwh₂h₁(e)	*kréwh₂es
vocative	*kréwh₂	*kréwh₂h₁(e)	*kréwh₂es
accusative	*kréwh₂m̥	*kréwh₂h₁(e)	*kréwh₂m̥s
genitive	*kruh₂és	*?	*kruh₂óHom
ablative	*kruh₂és	*?	kruh₂mós, kruh₂bʰós
dative	*kruh₂éy	*?	kruh₂mós, kruh₂bʰós
locative	kréwh₂, kréwh₂i	*?	*kruh₂sú
instrumental	*kruh₂éh₁	*?	kruh₂mís, kruh₂bʰís

Alternative reconstructions

*krúh₂s

Derived terms

^? *krewh₂-nt-s^[2] (see *-onts)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Young Avestan: 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬥𐬙 (xruuant)
- ⇒ Proto-Italic: *kruuntos
  - Latin: cruentus
^? *krewh₂-odʰ-i/o-^[3]
- Proto-Celtic: *kroudis
  - Old Irish: crúaid
    - Irish: crua
    - Scottish Gaelic: cruaidh
- Proto-Italic: *krowoðos
  - Latin: crūdus (“raw, bloody”) (or from *krūros)
*krowh₂-o-s
- Proto-Germanic: *hrawaz (adjective)^[4] (see there for further descendants)
*krow-yóm
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kraujan n
  - Lithuanian: kraujas^[5]
  - Samogitian: kraus
  - Old Prussian: crauyo, krawian
- Proto-Germanic: *hraiwą n (by metathesis)^[6] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *krawyám n
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *krawyám
    - Sanskrit: क्रव्य (kravyá)

Descendants

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *krū́ˀs
- Proto-Slavic: *kry̑^[7] (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *krūs^[8] (see there for further descendants)

Etymology 2

S-stem from *krewh₂-.

Noun

*kréwh₂s n^[1]^[9]^[10]

blood

Inflection

Athematic, amphikinetic
	singular	collective
nominative	*kréwh₂s	*kréwh₂ōs
genitive	*kruh₂sés	*kruh₂sés
	singular	dual	plural	collective
nominative	*kréwh₂s	—	—	*kréwh₂ōs
vocative	*kréwh₂s	—	—	*kréwh₂ōs
accusative	*kréwh₂s	—	—	*kréwh₂ōs
genitive	*kruh₂sés	—	—	*kruh₂sés
ablative	*kruh₂sés	—	—	*kruh₂sés
dative	*kruh₂séy	—	—	*kruh₂séy
locative	kruh₂és, kruh₂ési	—	—	kruh₂és, kruh₂ési
instrumental	*kruh₂séh₁	—	—	*kruh₂séh₁

Descendants

Proto-Hellenic: *kréwas
- Ancient Greek: κρέας (kréas)
  - Greek: κρέας (kréas)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *krawíš
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *krawíṣ
  - Sanskrit: क्रविस् (kravís)
Proto-Italic: *kruwōs (< collective)
- Latin: cruor (“blood, gore”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*kreu̯h₂-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 444-448
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “cruentus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 146
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “crūdus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 146
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hrawa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 244
^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “kraujas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 255
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hraiwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 242
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*kry̑”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 254
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*krū-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 227
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “cruor, -ōris”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 146-147
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κρέας”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 774

[LIN-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*kreu̯h₂-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 444-448

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “cruentus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 146

[3] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “crūdus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 146

[4] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hrawa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 244

[5] Derksen, Rick (2015), “kraujas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 255

[6] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hraiwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 242

[7] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*kry̑”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 254

[8] Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*krū-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 227

[9] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “cruor, -ōris”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 146-147

[10] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “κρέας”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 774

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