Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰebʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Root

    *dʰebʰ-[1][2][3][4]

    1. to make small, belittle, lessen, diminish
    2. to strike, harm, injure

    Alternative reconstructions

    • *debʰ-[5][6] (connecting Old Norse tefja (“to delay, hinder”))

    Reconstruction notes

    Mallory suggests that the meaning of the root could simply have been "harm", though—if the term were connected with Lithuanian dóbti (“to strike, beat kill”)—it could also describe physical violence.[7]

    Extensions

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰebʰ- (2 c, 0 e)
    • *dʰébʰ-t ~ dʰbʰ-ént (athematic root aorist)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
          • ⇒ Sanskrit: आ॒द॒भुर् (ādabhúr, 3pl.inj.) (+ आ- (ā-))
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • Younger Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬍 f (dauuaiṇtī, “deceiving”, ptc.)
    • *dʰbʰ-néw-ti ~ *dʰbʰ-nw-énti (nu-present)
      • Proto-Anatolian:
        • >? Hittite: [script needed] (te-ep-nu-zi /⁠tepnuzzi⁠/, “to diminish, despise”) (or formed innovatively within Hittite[8])[9]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰabʰnáwti
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dabʰnáwti
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • Old Avestan: 𐬛𐬆𐬠𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬙𐬁 (dəbənaotā, “to deceive”, 2pl.inj.)
    • *dʰi-dʰbʰ-sé-ti (reduplicated desiderative)[10]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰibzʰati[1]
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
          • Sanskrit: दिप्स॑ति (dípsati)
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • Old Avestan: 𐬛𐬌𐬡𐬲𐬀𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌 (diβžaidiiāi, inf.desid.)
    • *dʰobʰ-éye-ti (éye-causative)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰābʰáyati
        • Proto-Iranian: *dābáyati
          • Old Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬠𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬍 (dābaiieitī, “to deceive”)
    • *dʰṓbʰ-ye-ti[1]
      • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *dā́ˀbtei (“to strike, smack”) (or from *dʰeh₂bʰ- (“to strike”)[11]) (see there for further descendants)
    • *dʰébʰ-su-[12]
      • Proto-Anatolian:
        • Hittite: [script needed] (tepšu-)
    • *dʰbʰ-tó-s[3]
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
          • ⇒ Sanskrit: अद॑ब्ध (ádabdha, “undeceivable, unharmed, undeceived”) (+ अ- (a-))
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • Younger Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬞𐬙𐬀 (dapta, “deceived”)
    • *dʰébʰ-u-s[9][13]
      • Proto-Anatolian:
    Unsorted formations
    • Sanskrit: अद्भु॑त (ádbhuta)
    • Middle Persian: [script needed] (plyptn' /⁠frēftan⁠/, “to deceive”) (present stem /frēb-/)
    • Parthian: [script needed] (db /⁠daβ⁠/, “trick, deception”)

    Descendants

    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
        • Sanskrit: दभ् (dabh, “to harm; to deceive, abandon”)

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*dʰebʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 132
    2. ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*dab”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 42-43: “*dʰebʰ- ‘to deceive, harm (someone), belittle, lessen’”
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*dʰebʰ-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 85-86
    4. ^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 279: “The precise underlying semantics of *dhebh- are somewhat obscure”
    5. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*tabjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 504
    6. ^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2025), Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎[2]
    7. ^ Mallory, J.P. (2006), “Indo-European Warfare”, in Journal of Conflict Archaeology‎[3], volume 2, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, page 87
    8. ^ Shatskov, Andrey (2020), “Hittite causative markers in a diachronic Anatolian perspective”, in Journal of Language Relationship‎[4], volume 18, numbers 3-4, →DOI, →ISSN, page 277
    9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “tēpu- / tēpaṷ-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 869-870
    10. ^ Lipp, Reiner (2016), “Final stops in Indo-European: their phonological classification as a key to the Proto-Indo-European root structure constraint”, in Slovo a slovesnost‎[5], volume 77, number 4, →ISSN, page 260: “*dʰi-dʰbʰ-sé/ó- ‘to intend to diminish/harm’”
    11. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*dapp/bōn- 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 88
    12. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “tepšu- / tepšaṷ-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 866-869
    13. ^ van Beek, Lucien (2022), The Reflexes of Syllabic Liquids in Ancient Greek (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 22)‎[7], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page *dʰébʰ-u-

    Further reading

    This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.