Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/upp

• *eup, *ūp

The form is from either *ub + a nasal affix representing an earlier *up-nó, related to *uppai (earlier *up-nóy) and *ubanē; or by analogy with *uppai.^[1]

• IPA^(key): /upː/

*upp

1. up, upwards

• *upp-
  • *upphiminaz
• *uppijaną

• *ub
• *ubanē
• *upanaz
• *uppai

Gothic shows a peculiar full-grade *eup-, while West Germanic shows a secondary "full-grade" *ūp(ą) (Middle English oup, German auf); for the same treatment compare *īn(ą) (German ein) and *ūt(ą) (German aus).

• Proto-West Germanic: *upp, *ūp
  • Old English: upp, up, ūp
    • Middle English: up, upp, op, oup, ap, owp
      • English: up
      • Scots: up
      • Yola: ap, up
  • Old Frisian: uppa, oppa, up, op
    • North Frisian:
      • Sylt: üp
    • Saterland Frisian: op, ap
    • West Frisian: op
  • Old Saxon: ūp
    • Middle Low German: up
      • German Low German: up, op
  • Old Dutch: ūp
    • Middle Dutch: op
      • Dutch: op, (dialectal) oep
      • West Flemish: up, ip
  • Old High German: ūf
    • Middle High German: ūf
      • Alemannic German: uf, ufe
      • Bavarian: aaf, auf

        Cimbrian: af

      • German: auf
      • Vilamovian: u̇f
      • Yiddish: אויף (oyf)
    • Old Rhine Franconian: uf
      • Middle Rhine Franconian: uf
        • Rhine Franconian: uff, off

          Pennsylvania German: uff

          Hunsrik: uff

    • Old Central Franconian: *up
      • Middle Central Franconian: up
        • Central Franconian: op

          Kölsch: op

• Old Norse: upp
  • Icelandic: upp
  • Faroese: upp
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: upp
  • Old Swedish: up
    • Swedish: upp
  • Danish: op
    • Norwegian Bokmål: opp
      • → Norwegian Nynorsk: opp
• Gothic: 𐌹𐌿𐍀 (iup)