Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/trudaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

    Probably originally a root aorist, present singular *tred-, non-singular *trud-, from a possible Pre-Germanic *dret-, which could theoretically be an extension of Proto-Indo-European *dr- (“to run”), compare *drem- (“to run, sleep”) and *dreh₂- (“to run”) (the latter whence Sanskrit द्रा (drā, “to run, make haste”)).[1] Akin to Proto-Slavic *dьrtěti (“to degrade, to age”).

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /ˈtru.ðɑ.nɑ̃/

    Verb

    *trudaną

    1. to tread, to step on

    Inflection

    The present tense has the zero grade vowel -u- rather than -e-. The past participle might have had either.

    Conjugation of *trudaną (strong class 4)
    active voice passive voice
    present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
    1st singular *trudō *trudaų — *trudai ?
    2nd singular *trudizi *trudaiz *trud *trudazai *trudaizau
    3rd singular *trudidi *trudai *trudadau *trudadai *trudaidau
    1st dual *trudōz *trudaiw — — —
    2nd dual *trudadiz *trudaidiz *trudadiz — —
    1st plural *trudamaz *trudaim — *trudandai *trudaindau
    2nd plural *trudid *trudaid *trudid *trudandai *trudaindau
    3rd plural *trudandi *trudain *trudandau *trudandai *trudaindau
    past tense indicative subjunctive
    1st singular *trad *trēdį̄
    2nd singular *trast *trēdīz
    3rd singular *trad *trēdī
    1st dual *trēdū *trēdīw
    2nd dual *trēdudiz *trēdīdiz
    1st plural *trēdum *trēdīm
    2nd plural *trēdud *trēdīd
    3rd plural *trēdun *trēdīn
    present past
    participles *trudandz *trudanaz

    Derived terms

    Descendants

    The West Germanic descendants have regularised the ablaut of this verb by replacing the -u- with -e-. However, the Medieval Latin loanword trot(t)ō suggests that the original vocalism may have been retained in some High German varieties.

    References

    1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*tredan- ~ *trudan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 521
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