Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hagatusjō

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Uncertain; possibly from *hagaz (“skilled, crafty”) +‎ *tusjō (“witch, demon”) (whence Norwegian tysja (“witch, demon”)), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰus-yéh₂, from *dʰews- (“breath; spirit”) (whence *deuzą (“animal, beast”)).^[1] However, this devoicing is phonetically irregular. The second part is more likely from Proto-Indo-European *dus- (“bad, evil”).

Noun

*hagatusjō f^[1]

(West Germanic) witch

Inflection

Declension of *hagatusjō (ō-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*hagatusjō	*hagatusjôz
vocative	*hagatusjō	*hagatusjôz
accusative	*hagatusjǭ	*hagatusjōz
genitive	*hagatusjōz	*hagatusjǫ̂
dative	*hagatusjōi	*hagatusjōmaz
instrumental	*hagatusjō	*hagatusjōmiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hagatussjā, *hagatusi
- Old English: hæġtesse, hæġtes, hæġtess, heġtes, hǣts
  - Middle English: hagge, hegge
    - English: hag
- >? Old Frisian: *hegtesse
- >? Old Saxon: *hagatussia
- Old Dutch: *hagatissa
  - Middle Dutch: hagetisse
    - Dutch: hagedis (dialectal)
- Old High German: hagazussa, hāzasa, hāzessa, hāzisa, hāzissa, hāzisa, hāzusa, hazzesa, hazzisa
  - Middle High German: hecse, hesse, hexse, hegxse, hexe
    - German: Hexe
      - → Polish: heksa
    - Luxembourgish: Hex (inheritance uncertain)
    - → Middle Dutch: hexe
      - Dutch: heks
        Afrikaans: heks
        → Papiamentu: hèks
        → West Frisian: heks (alternatively through Middle Low German)
    - → Middle Low German: hexe
      - Low German: Hex, Hexe
      - Plautdietsch: Hakjs
      - → Danish: heks
      - → Norwegian: heks
      - → Saterland Frisian: Häkse
      - → Swedish: häxa

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kluge, Friedrich (1989), “Hachse”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN

[EWddS-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kluge, Friedrich (1989), “Hachse”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN

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