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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *dʰewsóm, a vṛddhi formation based on *dʰwes- (“to breathe”), which also led to Lithuanian dvēsti, Latvian dvēsele, Proto-Slavic *duša (whence Russian душа́ (dušá)), and possibly Latin bēstia.[1]
Pronunciation
Noun
*deuzą n
- (wild) animal, beast
Inflection
Declension of *deuzą (neuter a-stem)
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singular
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plural
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| nominative
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*deuzą
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*deuzō
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| vocative
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*deuzą
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*deuzō
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| accusative
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*deuzą
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*deuzō
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| genitive
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*deuzas, *diuzis
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*deuzǫ̂
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| dative
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*deuzai
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*deuzamaz
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| instrumental
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*deuzō
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*deuzamiz
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Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *deuʀ
- Old English: dēor, dēar — Northumbrian, dīor — Kentish
- Middle English: der, deer, dere, dier, deare, dure (Late Middle English), deor, dor, duer, dur (Southern, West Midland)
- Old Frisian: diār, diēr
- North Frisian: dier
- North Frisian: Diirt (Sylt)
- Saterland Frisian: Diert (possibly borrowed from Middle Low German)
- West Frisian: djier (obsolete), dier
- Old Saxon: dior
- Old Dutch: dier, dior
- Old High German: tior
- Middle High German: tier
- Alemannic German:
- Alsatian: Tier
- Central Franconian:
- Hunsrik: Dier
- Kölsch: Deer, Dier
- East Central German:
- Upper Saxon German: Dier
- German: Tier
- → Plautdietsch: Tier, Tiea
- Luxembourgish: Déier
- Rhine Franconian:
- Hessian: Déier
- Proto-Norse: *ᛞᛖᚢᛉᚨ (*deuʀa)
- Old West Norse: dýr, djór
- Old East Norse: diūʀ
- Old Gutnish: diaur
- → Proto-Samic: *tivrē (see there for further descendants)
- Gothic: 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍃 (dius)
References
- ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*deuza-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 94-5