Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/hagatussjā

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Germanic *hagatusjō,^[1] from *hagô (“enclosure; pasture”) +‎ *tusjō (“witch, demon”) (whence Norwegian tysja (“witch, demon”)),^[2] compare English hedgewitch. Second element perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰews- (“breath; spirit”), whence Proto-Slavic *duxъ (“breath; spirit”).^[3]

Noun

*hagatussjā f^[3]^[4]

witch

Inflection

ōn-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*hagatussjā
Genitive	*hagatussjōn
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*hagatussjā	*hagatussjōn
Accusative	*hagatussjōn	*hagatussjōn
Genitive	*hagatussjōn	*hagatussjōnō
Dative	*hagatussjōn	hagatussjōm, hagatussjum
Instrumental	*hagatussjōn	hagatussjōm, hagatussjum

Alternative reconstructions

*hagatusi^[4]

Descendants

Old English: hæġtesse, hæġtes, hæġtess, heġtes, hǣts
- Middle English: hagge, hegge
  - English: hag
>? Old Frisian: *hegtesse
>? Old Saxon: *hagatussia
Old Dutch: *hagatissa
- Middle Dutch: hagetisse
  - Dutch: hagedis (dialectal)
Old High German: hagazussa, hāzasa, hāzessa, hāzisa, hāzissa, hāzisa, hāzusa, hazzesa, hazzisa
- Middle High German: hecse, hesse, hexse, hegxse, hexe
  - German: Hexe
    - → Polish: heksa
  - Luxembourgish: Hex (inheritance uncertain)
  - → Middle Dutch: hexe
    - Dutch: heks
      - Afrikaans: heks
      - → Papiamentu: hèks
      - → West Frisian: heks (alternatively through Middle Low German)
  - → Middle Low German: hexe
    - Low German: Hex, Hexe
    - Plautdietsch: Hakjs
    - → Danish: heks
    - → Norwegian: heks
    - → Saterland Frisian: Häkse
    - → Swedish: häxa

References

^ Johnsen, Sverre (2005), The Germanic (i)jō-stem declension: Origin and development (PhD thesis)‎^[1], Oslo: University of Oslo, page 73: “*hag(a)tis-j-ō-”
^ Hellquist, Elof (1922), “häxa”, in Svensk etymologisk ordbok [Swedish etymological dictionary]‎^[2] (in Swedish), Lund: C. W. K. Gleerups förlag
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Kluge, Friedrich (1989), “Hexe”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 308: “wg. *haga-tusjō”
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 192: “PWGmc *hagatusi, *hagatusʲsʲā-”

[1] Johnsen, Sverre (2005), The Germanic (i)jō-stem declension: Origin and development (PhD thesis)‎^[1], Oslo: University of Oslo, page 73: “*hag(a)tis-j-ō-”

[2] Hellquist, Elof (1922), “häxa”, in Svensk etymologisk ordbok [Swedish etymological dictionary]‎^[2] (in Swedish), Lund: C. W. K. Gleerups förlag

[EWddS-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Kluge, Friedrich (1989), “Hexe”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 308: “wg. *haga-tusjō”

[DOE-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 192: “PWGmc *hagatusi, *hagatusʲsʲā-”

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]