Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-t'ak
Proto-Finnic
Etymology 1
Originally a variant of *-tadak when attached to vowel stems and landing on an odd syllable, while *-tadak would have been on even syllables or when attached to consonant stems; this is a regular process (see Proto-Finnic language § Consonant gradation on Wikipedia).
Suffix
*-t'ak / *-t'äk (stem *-da- / *-dä-)
- Forms verbs from nominal stems, generally with a causative, factitive or instrumental meaning.
Inflection
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *-dän | *-cin | — | *-tkon |
| 2nd sing. | *-dät | *-cit | *-däk | *-tkos |
| 3rd sing. | *-däpi *-t |
*-ci | *-tkasën | *-tkosën |
| 1st plur. | *-däkma | *-cima | *-tkatëma | *-tkotëma |
| 2nd plur. | *-däkta | *-cita | *-tkata | *-tkotta |
| 3rd plur. | *-däbat *-t |
*-ci | *-tkasën | *-tkosën |
| passive | *-däksën *-dät'aksën |
*-ttisën *-dättihën |
*-ttakahën *-dättagasën |
*-ttakohën *-dättagosën |
| connegative | *-däk | — | *-tkak | *-tkok |
| passive connegative | *-däktak | — | *-ttagak *-dättagak |
*-ttagok *-dättagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *-däkcin | *-cicin | *-nnën | |
| 2nd sing. | *-däkcit | *-cicit | *-nnët | |
| 3rd sing. | *-däkci | *-cici | *-nni | |
| 1st plur. | *-däkcima | *-cicima | *-nnëma | |
| 2nd plur. | *-däkcida | *-cicida | *-nnëta | |
| 3rd plur. | *-däkci | *-cici | *-nni | |
| passive | *-t'akcihën *-dät'akcisën |
*-tticihën *-dätticisën |
*-ttanëhën *-dättanësën | |
| connegative | *-däkcik | *-cicik | *-nnëk | |
| passive connegative | *-t'akcik *-dät'akcik |
*-tticik *-dätticik |
*-ttanëk *-dättanëk | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *-t'ak | present | *-däpa | *-ttapa *-dättaba |
| infinitive 2 | *-ttë- | past | *-nnut | *-ttu *-dättu |
| gerund/supine | *-däma | negative | *-dämat'oin | |
| action noun | *-däminën | |||
Derived terms
Descendants
Etymology 2
A later development from etymology 1 by analogy with causative derivatives using *-ttadak, thus analogously making the shorter suffix anticausative.[1]
Suffix
*-t'ak / *-t'äk (stem *-da- / *-dä-)
- Forms verbs from stems, generally with a translative or reflexive meaning.
Reconstruction notes
Hakulinen (1979) distinguishes between *-da- stems and *-de- stems (the latter of which would include *halgët'ak and *katkët'ak),[2] after Rapola (1922).[3] However, YSuS reconstructs both verbs with *-da-, so reconstructing this distinction already in Proto-Finnic appears to be considered obsolete (if it ever existed, it would instead be later secondary development).
Inflection
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *-dän | *-cin | — | *-tkon |
| 2nd sing. | *-dät | *-cit | *-däk | *-tkos |
| 3rd sing. | *-däpi *-t |
*-ci | *-tkasën | *-tkosën |
| 1st plur. | *-däkma | *-cima | *-tkatëma | *-tkotëma |
| 2nd plur. | *-däkta | *-cita | *-tkata | *-tkotta |
| 3rd plur. | *-däbat *-t |
*-ci | *-tkasën | *-tkosën |
| passive | *-däksën *-dät'aksën |
*-ttisën *-dättihën |
*-ttakahën *-dättagasën |
*-ttakohën *-dättagosën |
| connegative | *-däk | — | *-tkak | *-tkok |
| passive connegative | *-däktak | — | *-ttagak *-dättagak |
*-ttagok *-dättagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *-däkcin | *-cicin | *-nnën | |
| 2nd sing. | *-däkcit | *-cicit | *-nnët | |
| 3rd sing. | *-däkci | *-cici | *-nni | |
| 1st plur. | *-däkcima | *-cicima | *-nnëma | |
| 2nd plur. | *-däkcida | *-cicida | *-nnëta | |
| 3rd plur. | *-däkci | *-cici | *-nni | |
| passive | *-t'akcihën *-dät'akcisën |
*-tticihën *-dätticisën |
*-ttanëhën *-dättanësën | |
| connegative | *-däkcik | *-cicik | *-nnëk | |
| passive connegative | *-t'akcik *-dät'akcik |
*-tticik *-dätticik |
*-ttanëk *-dättanëk | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *-t'ak | present | *-däpa | *-ttapa *-dättaba |
| infinitive 2 | *-ttë- | past | *-nnut | *-ttu *-dättu |
| gerund/supine | *-däma | negative | *-dämat'oin | |
| action noun | *-däminën | |||
Derived terms
Descendants
- Finnish: -ta (somewhat conflated with etymology 1)
Etymology 3
From Proto-Uralic *-me-.
The change *m > *n is likely by analogy with the passive and participle stems, as well as the causative *-ntadak, where the added *-t- incurred a regular *mt > *nt. This change was then generalized to other forms.
The consonant stem, i.e. the stem when followed by a *t (such as in the passive and infinitive forms) or *k (in the imperative forms), has been reformed to *-d- (*-t'-, *-tk-), due to confusion with verbs using the suffix *-nte-[4] (*-t'ak (reflexive) added to -n- stems). The first infinitive form would have, with this ending, become *-nt(e)-dak > *-nt'ak > *-t'ak (with simplification of the then phonotactically impossible cluster *nt': compare *kattadak < *kanci).
Like *-ldak and the comparative ending *-mpi (which see for more), this verb consistently induces a stem vowel change *-A- > *-e-.
Suffix
*-t'ak / *-t'äk (stem *-në- / *-ne-)
- Forms verbs from stems, generally with a translative or reflexive meaning.
Inflection
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *-nen | *-nin | — | *-tkon |
| 2nd sing. | *-net | *-nit | *-nek | *-tkos |
| 3rd sing. | *-nepi *-n |
*-ni | *-tkasën | *-tkosën |
| 1st plur. | *-nekma | *-nima | *-tkatëma | *-tkotëma |
| 2nd plur. | *-nekta | *-nita | *-tkata | *-tkotta |
| 3rd plur. | *-nebat *-n |
*-ni | *-tkasën | *-tkosën |
| passive | *-neksën *-net'aksën |
*-ttisën *-nettihën |
*-ttakahën *-nettagasën |
*-ttakohën *-nettagosën |
| connegative | *-nek | — | *-tkak | *-tkok |
| passive connegative | *-nektak | — | *-ttagak *-nettagak |
*-ttagok *-nettagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *-nekcin | *-nicin | *-nnën | |
| 2nd sing. | *-nekcit | *-nicit | *-nnët | |
| 3rd sing. | *-nekci | *-nici | *-nni | |
| 1st plur. | *-nekcima | *-nicima | *-nnëma | |
| 2nd plur. | *-nekcida | *-nicida | *-nnëta | |
| 3rd plur. | *-nekci | *-nici | *-nni | |
| passive | *-t'akcihën *-net'akcisën |
*-tticihën *-netticisën |
*-ttanëhën *-nettanësën | |
| connegative | *-nekcik | *-nicik | *-nnëk | |
| passive connegative | *-t'akcik *-net'akcik |
*-tticik *-netticik |
*-ttanëk *-nettanëk | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *-t'ak | present | *-nepa | *-ttapa *-nettaba |
| infinitive 2 | *-ttë- | past | *-nnut | *-ttu *-nettu |
| gerund/supine | *-nema | negative | *-nemat'oin | |
| action noun | *-neminën | |||
Derived terms
Descendants
- Estonian: -nema, -neda (consonant stem reformed by analogy)
- Finnish: -(e)ta
- Ingrian: -(e)ta
- Karelian:
- >? Livonian: -mtõ
- Veps: -eta
- Võro: -daq, -nõdaq
- Votic: -(õ)tõ
Etymology 4
From Proto-Finno-Permic *-te-. Cognate with Proto-Samic *-tëtēk (in e.g. Northern Sami geassádit).
Suffix
*-t'ak / *-t'äk (stem *-dë- / *-de-)
- Forms reflexive verbs.
Usage notes
This suffix *-te- > *-de- is often reduced to simply -i- in descendants. This is regular (compare, for instance, the genitive plural ending *-den becoming -in in Finnish, like in *kaladën > kalain, now dialectal).
Inflection
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *-den | *-cin | — | *-tkon |
| 2nd sing. | *-det | *-cit | *-dek | *-tkos |
| 3rd sing. | *-depi *-t |
*-ci | *-tkasën | *-tkosën |
| 1st plur. | *-dekma | *-cima | *-tkatëma | *-tkotëma |
| 2nd plur. | *-dekta | *-cita | *-tkata | *-tkotta |
| 3rd plur. | *-debat *-t |
*-ci | *-tkasën | *-tkosën |
| passive | *-deksën *-det'aksën |
*-ttisën *-dettihën |
*-ttakahën *-dettagasën |
*-ttakohën *-dettagosën |
| connegative | *-dek | — | *-tkak | *-tkok |
| passive connegative | *-dektak | — | *-ttagak *-dettagak |
*-ttagok *-dettagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *-dekcin | *-cicin | *-nnën | |
| 2nd sing. | *-dekcit | *-cicit | *-nnët | |
| 3rd sing. | *-dekci | *-cici | *-nni | |
| 1st plur. | *-dekcima | *-cicima | *-nnëma | |
| 2nd plur. | *-dekcida | *-cicida | *-nnëta | |
| 3rd plur. | *-dekci | *-cici | *-nni | |
| passive | *-t'akcihën *-det'akcisën |
*-tticihën *-detticisën |
*-ttanëhën *-dettanësën | |
| connegative | *-dekcik | *-cicik | *-nnëk | |
| passive connegative | *-t'akcik *-det'akcik |
*-tticik *-detticik |
*-ttanëk *-dettanëk | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *-t'ak | present | *-depa | *-ttapa *-dettaba |
| infinitive 2 | *-ttë- | past | *-nnut | *-ttu *-dettu |
| gerund/supine | *-dema | negative | *-demat'oin | |
| action noun | *-deminën | |||
Secondary stem variant *-tte-, *-t'e-.
Descendants
- Finnish: -ida, -ita, -ta (dialectal; e.g. first infinitive "heittäidä" or "heittäitä", first-person singular indicative present "hei(t)täin")
- Ingrian: -issa (with -s- levelled from past forms by analogy)
- Votic: -ssõ (with -s- levelled from past forms by analogy)
Etymology 5
From Proto-Uralic *-nte-, possibly a variant of *-nta-, whence *-ntadak.
Suffix
*-t'ak / *-t'äk (stem *-ntë- / *-nte-)
- Forms frequentative verbs.
Inflection
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *-nden | *-ncin | — | *-ntegon |
| 2nd sing. | *-ndet | *-ncit | *-ndek | *-ntegos |
| 3rd sing. | *-ntepi *-c |
*-nci | *-ntekahën | *-ntekohën |
| 1st plur. | *-ndekma | *-ncima | *-ntekadëma | *-ntekodëma |
| 2nd plur. | *-ndekta | *-ncita | *-ntekada | *-ntegotta |
| 3rd plur. | *-ntebat *-c |
*-nci | *-ntekahën | *-ntekohën |
| passive | *-ndeksën *-ndet'aksën |
*-ttisën *-ndettihën |
*-ttakahën *-ndettagasën |
*-ttakohën *-ndettagosën |
| connegative | *-ndek | — | *-ntegak | *-ntegok |
| passive connegative | *-ndektak | — | *-ttagak *-ndettagak |
*-ttagok *-ndettagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *-ndekcin | *-ncicin | *-nnën | |
| 2nd sing. | *-ndekcit | *-ncicit | *-nnët | |
| 3rd sing. | *-ndekci | *-ncici | *-nni | |
| 1st plur. | *-ndekcima | *-ncicima | *-nnëma | |
| 2nd plur. | *-ndekcida | *-ncicida | *-nnëta | |
| 3rd plur. | *-ndekci | *-ncici | *-nni | |
| passive | *-t'akcihën *-ndet'akcisën |
*-tticihën *-ndetticisën |
*-ttanëhën *-ndettanësën | |
| connegative | *-ndekcik | *-ncicik | *-nnëk | |
| passive connegative | *-t'akcik *-ndet'akcik |
*-tticik *-ndetticik |
*-ttanëk *-ndettanëk | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *-t'ak | present | *-ntepa | *-ttapa *-ndettaba |
| infinitive 2 | *-ttë- | past | *-nnut | *-ttu *-ndettu |
| gerund/supine | *-ntema | negative | *-ntemat'oin | |
| action noun | *-nteminën | |||
Descendants
- ⇒ Finnish: -nnella (stem -ntëlë- < *-ntë-lë-)
- ⇒ Ingrian: -nnella (stem -ntëlë- < *-ntë-lë-)
- ⇒ Livvi: -skennella (stem -skëntëlë- < *-skë-ntë-lë-)
- ⇒ Veps: -gata (stem -ga(n)dë- < *-ka-ntë-, in verbs like helegata, varegata)
Etymology 6
Suffix
*-t'ak / *-t'äk
- alternative form of *-tta (abessive ending)
Descendants
- Finnish: -ta
References
- ^ Lehtinen, Tapani. Itämerensuomen passiivin alkuperästä. SKS, 1984.
- ^ Hakulinen, Lauri. 1941–2000. Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys ('The Structure and Development of the Finnish Language'). Helsinki: Otava/Helsingin yliopisto.
- ^ Rapola, Martti. Pääpainottomain tavujen a-, ä-loppuiset vokaaliyhtymät suomen murteissa (1922)
- ^ E. N. Setälä. Suomen passiivista. Virittäjä 19 (1915). p. 133–134. [1]