Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-ntadak
Proto-Finnic
Etymology 1
Equivalent to *-t'ak (stem *-ne-) + *-tadak, possibly even from Proto-Uralic *-mta-. Like *-t'ak, causes a stem-final -A- to change into -e-.
Suffix
*-ntadak / *-ntädäk (stem *-nta- / *-ntä-)
- Forms verbs from nominal stems with a factitive or causative meaning.
Inflection
Inflection of *-ntadak
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *-ndan | *-ndoin | — | *-ntagon |
| 2nd sing. | *-ndat | *-ndoit | *-ndak | *-ntagos |
| 3rd sing. | *-ntapi *-nta |
*-ntoi | *-ntakahën | *-ntakohën |
| 1st plur. | *-ndakma | *-ntoima | *-ntakadëma | *-ntakodëma |
| 2nd plur. | *-ndakta | *-ntoita | *-ntakada | *-ntagotta |
| 3rd plur. | *-ntabat *-nta |
*-ntoi | *-ntakahën | *-ntakohën |
| passive | *-ndaksën *-ndat'aksën |
*-ntatihën *-ndattihën |
*-ntatagasën *-ndattagasën |
*-ntatagosën *-ndattagosën |
| connegative | *-ndak | — | *-ntagak | *-ntagok |
| passive connegative | *-ndaktak | — | *-ntatagak *-ndattagak |
*-ntatagok *-ndattagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *-ndakcin | *-ntoicin | *-ntanën | |
| 2nd sing. | *-ndakcit | *-ntoicit | *-ntanët | |
| 3rd sing. | *-ndakci | *-ntoici | *-ntani | |
| 1st plur. | *-ndakcima | *-ntoicima | *-ntanëma | |
| 2nd plur. | *-ndakcida | *-ntoicida | *-ntanëda | |
| 3rd plur. | *-ndakci | *-ntoici | *-ntani | |
| passive | *-ntadakcisën *-ndat'akcisën |
*-ntaticisën *-ndatticisën |
*-ntatanësën *-ndattanësën | |
| connegative | *-ndakcik | *-ntoicik | *-ntanëk | |
| passive connegative | *-ntadakcik *-ndat'akcik |
*-ntaticik *-ndatticik |
*-ntatanëk *-ndattanëk | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *-ntadak | present | *-ntapa | *-ntataba *-ndattaba |
| infinitive 2 | *-ntatë- | past | *-ntanut | *-ntatu *-ndattu |
| gerund/supine | *-ntama | negative | *-ntamat'oin | |
| action noun | *-ntaminën | |||
Descendants
- Estonian: -ndama, -ndada
- Finnish: -ntaa
- Ingrian: -ntaa
- Karelian:
- North Karelian: -ntoa
- South Karelian: -ndua
- Livvi: -ndua
- Livonian: -ndõ
- Ludian: -ndia
- Veps: -eta
- Votic: -tta, -nta
Etymology 2
A variant of *-t'ak (frequentative verb suffix); this variation may even date back to a Proto-Uralic *-nta-, which would be a variant of *-nte-. Like etymology 1, *-t'ak and *-ldak, may cause a stem-final -A- to change into -e-.
Suffix
*-ntadak / *-ntädäk (stem *-nta- / *-ntä-)
- Forms frequentative verbs.
Inflection
Inflection of *-ntadak
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *-ndan | *-ndoin | — | *-ntagon |
| 2nd sing. | *-ndat | *-ndoit | *-ndak | *-ntagos |
| 3rd sing. | *-ntapi *-nta |
*-ntoi | *-ntakahën | *-ntakohën |
| 1st plur. | *-ndakma | *-ntoima | *-ntakadëma | *-ntakodëma |
| 2nd plur. | *-ndakta | *-ntoita | *-ntakada | *-ntagotta |
| 3rd plur. | *-ntabat *-nta |
*-ntoi | *-ntakahën | *-ntakohën |
| passive | *-ndaksën *-ndat'aksën |
*-ntatihën *-ndattihën |
*-ntatagasën *-ndattagasën |
*-ntatagosën *-ndattagosën |
| connegative | *-ndak | — | *-ntagak | *-ntagok |
| passive connegative | *-ndaktak | — | *-ntatagak *-ndattagak |
*-ntatagok *-ndattagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *-ndakcin | *-ntoicin | *-ntanën | |
| 2nd sing. | *-ndakcit | *-ntoicit | *-ntanët | |
| 3rd sing. | *-ndakci | *-ntoici | *-ntani | |
| 1st plur. | *-ndakcima | *-ntoicima | *-ntanëma | |
| 2nd plur. | *-ndakcida | *-ntoicida | *-ntanëda | |
| 3rd plur. | *-ndakci | *-ntoici | *-ntani | |
| passive | *-ntadakcisën *-ndat'akcisën |
*-ntaticisën *-ndatticisën |
*-ntatanësën *-ndattanësën | |
| connegative | *-ndakcik | *-ntoicik | *-ntanëk | |
| passive connegative | *-ntadakcik *-ndat'akcik |
*-ntaticik *-ndatticik |
*-ntatanëk *-ndattanëk | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *-ntadak | present | *-ntapa | *-ntataba *-ndattaba |
| infinitive 2 | *-ntatë- | past | *-ntanut | *-ntatu *-ndattu |
| gerund/supine | *-ntama | negative | *-ntamat'oin | |
| action noun | *-ntaminën | |||
Derived terms
Proto-Finnic terms suffixed with *-ntadak (frequentative)
Further reading
- Hakulinen, Lauri. 1941–2000. Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys ('The Structure and Development of the Finnish Language'). Helsinki: Otava/Helsingin yliopisto.