𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭
Prakrit
Alternative forms
Etymology
Etymology tree
Inherited from Sanskrit कातर (kātara), possibly a vṛddhi derivative of क॒त॒र (katará), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷóteros, from *kʷos + *-teros.
Adjective
𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭 (kāara) (Devanagari काअर, Kannada ಕಾಅರ) (attested in Māhārāṣṭrī)
- timid, cowardly
- Alaṅkāradappaṇō 76-77:
- तुह संढस्स व णरवर भुज्जइ भिच्चेहि पाअडा लच्छी ।
हिअअं पि काअरस्स व वअिणज्जभएण ओसरइ ॥- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- तुह संढस्स व णरवर भुज्जइ भिच्चेहि पाअडा लच्छी ।
Declension
| Maharastri declension of 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭 (masculine) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| Nominative | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑁄 (kāaro) | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸 (kāarā) |
| Accusative | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀁 (kāaraṃ) | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑁂 (kāare) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸 (kāarā) |
| Instrumental | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑁂𑀡 (kāareṇa) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑁂𑀡𑀁 (kāareṇaṃ) | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑁂𑀳𑀺 (kāarehi) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (kāarehiṃ) |
| Dative | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀅 (kāarāa) | — |
| Ablative | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀑 (kāarāo) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀉 (kāarāu) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸 (kāarā) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀳𑀺 (kāarāhi) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (kāarāhiṃto) | — |
| Genitive | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲 (kāarassa) | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀡 (kāarāṇa) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀡𑀁 (kāarāṇaṃ) |
| Locative | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (kāarammi) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑁂 (kāare) | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑁂𑀲𑀼 (kāaresu) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (kāaresuṃ) |
| Vocative | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭 (kāara) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸 (kāarā) | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸 (kāarā) |
| Maharastri declension of 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸 (feminine) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| Nominative | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸 (kāarā) | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀑 (kāarāo) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀉 (kāarāu) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸 (kāarā) |
| Accusative | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀁 (kāaraṃ) | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀑 (kāarāo) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀉 (kāarāu) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸 (kāarā) |
| Instrumental | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀏 (kāarāe) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀇 (kāarāi) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀅 (kāarāa) | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀳𑀺 (kāarāhi) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁 (kāarāhiṃ) |
| Dative | — | — |
| Ablative | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀑 (kāarāo) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀉 (kāarāu) | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (kāarāhiṃto) |
| Genitive | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀏 (kāarāe) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀇 (kāarāi) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀅 (kāarāa) | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀡 (kāarāṇa) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀡𑀁 (kāarāṇaṃ) |
| Locative | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀏 (kāarāe) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀇 (kāarāi) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀅 (kāarāa) | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀲𑀼 (kāarāsu) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀲𑀼𑀁 (kāarāsuṃ) |
| Vocative | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑁂 (kāare) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸 (kāarā) | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀑 (kāarāo) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀉 (kāarāu) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸 (kāarā) |
| Maharastri declension of 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭 (neuter) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| Nominative | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀁 (kāaraṃ) | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀇𑀁 (kāarāiṃ) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀇 (kāarāi) |
| Accusative | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀁 (kāaraṃ) | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀇𑀁 (kāarāiṃ) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀇 (kāarāi) |
| Instrumental | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑁂𑀡 (kāareṇa) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑁂𑀡𑀁 (kāareṇaṃ) | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑁂𑀳𑀺 (kāarehi) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑁂𑀳𑀺𑀁 (kāarehiṃ) |
| Dative | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀅 (kāarāa) | — |
| Ablative | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀑 (kāarāo) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀉 (kāarāu) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸 (kāarā) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀳𑀺 (kāarāhi) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀢𑁄 (kāarāhiṃto) | — |
| Genitive | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀲𑁆𑀲 (kāarassa) | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀡 (kāarāṇa) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀡𑀁 (kāarāṇaṃ) |
| Locative | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀺 (kāarammi) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑁂 (kāare) | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑁂𑀲𑀼 (kāaresu) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑁂𑀲𑀼𑀁 (kāaresuṃ) |
| Vocative | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭 (kāara) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸 (kāarā) | 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀇𑀁 (kāarāiṃ) or 𑀓𑀸𑀅𑀭𑀸𑀇 (kāarāi) |
Descendants
- Central Indo-Aryan:
- Hindustani:
- Hindi: कायर (kāyar)
- Urdu: کایَر (kāyar)
- Hindustani:
- Eastern Indo-Aryan:
- Bihari:
- Maithili: काएर / 𑒏𑒰𑒋𑒩 (kāēr)
- Odia: ⇒ କାଇଲା (kāilā)
- Bihari:
- Northern Indo-Aryan:
- Nepali: कायर (kāyar)
- Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
- Southern Indo-Aryan:
- >? Old Marathi: 𑘎𑘰𑘪𑘨 / कावर (kāvara), 𑘎𑘰𑘪𑘨𑘹𑘽 / कावरें (kāvareṃ)
- ⇒ Marathi: कावरेबावरे (kāvrebāvre)
- Varhadi: कावरं (kāvra)
- >? Old Marathi: 𑘎𑘰𑘪𑘨 / कावर (kāvara), 𑘎𑘰𑘪𑘨𑘹𑘽 / कावरें (kāvareṃ)
- Western Indo-Aryan:
References
- Sheth, Hargovind Das T[rikamcand] (1923–1928), “काअर”, in पाइअ-सद्द-महण्णवो [pāia-sadda-mahaṇṇavo, Ocean of Prakrit words] (in Hindi), Calcutta: [Published by the Author].
- Pischel, Richard; Jha, Subhadra (contributor) (1957), Comparative Grammar of the Prakrit Languages, Varanasi: Motilal Banarasidass, page 154
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “kātara”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 154