開封

See also: 开封

Chinese

	open opening up	the borders the borderlands
trad. (開封)	開	封
simp. (开封)	开	封
anagram	封開／封开

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kāifēng

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄞㄈㄥ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi¹ fung¹
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khui-hong

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kāifēng
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄞㄈㄥ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kaifong
  - Wade–Giles: kʻai¹-fêng¹
  - Yale: kāi-fēng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kaifeng
  - Palladius: кайфэн (kajfɛn)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kāifēngr
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄞㄈㄥㄦ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kaifongr
  - Wade–Giles: kʻai¹-fêng¹-ʼrh
  - Yale: kāi-fēngr
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kaifengl
  - Palladius: кайфэнр (kajfɛnr)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤ̃ɻ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hoi¹ fung¹
  - Yale: hōi fūng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hoi¹ fung¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: hoi¹ fung¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːi̯⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khui-hong
  - Tâi-lô: khui-hong
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qui'hofng
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰui³³ hɔŋ³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: khoj pjowng

Rime
Character	開	封
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	幫 (1)
Final (韻)	咍 (41)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	苦哀切	府容切
Baxter	khoj	pjowng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰʌi/	/pɨoŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰəi/	/pioŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɒi/	/pioŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰəj/	/puawŋ/
Li Rong	/kʰᴀi/	/pioŋ/
Wang Li	/kʰɒi/	/pĭwoŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰɑ̆i/	/pi̯woŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kāi	fēng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoi¹	fung¹

Verb

開封

to unseal, to break open a seal
- 復恐匆匆說不盡，行人臨發又開封。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
  复恐匆匆说不尽，行人临发又开封。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
  From: circa 795~805, 張籍 (Zhang Ji),《秋思》(Autumn Thoughts), translated by R. Kotewell and N. Smith
  Fù kǒng cōngcōng shuō bùjìn, xíngrén lín fā yòu kāifēng. [Pinyin]
  I feared that in my haste I had not said all,
  And, as the messenger made to go, I broke the seal again.
- 親朋寄書至，欲讀慵開封。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
  亲朋寄书至，欲读慵开封。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
  From: 811, 白居易 (Bai Juyi),《詠慵》, translated into English as Lazy Man's Song by Arthur Waley, 1919.
  Qīnpéng jìshū zhì, yù dú yōng kāifēng. [Pinyin]
  My friends and relatives write me long letters;
  I should like to read them, but they're such a bother to open.

Synonyms

啟封／启封 (qǐfēng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (開封):

→ Japanese: 開(かい)封(ふう) (kaifū)
→ Korean: 개봉(開封) (gaebong)

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Kāifēng

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄞㄈㄥ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi¹ fung¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): Khôi-fûng

(Meixian, Guangdong): koi¹ fung¹
Eastern Min (BUC): Kăi-hŭng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): Khai-hong

(Teochew, Peng'im): kai¹ hong¹
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹khe-fon

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Kāifēng → Kāifeng (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄞㄈㄥ → ㄎㄞ ˙ㄈㄥ (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Kaifo̊ng
  - Wade–Giles: Kʻai¹-fêng⁵
  - Yale: Kāi-feng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Kai.feng
  - Palladius: Кайфэн (Kajfɛn)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/ → /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ²/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hoi¹ fung¹
  - Yale: hōi fūng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hoi¹ fung¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: hoi¹ fung¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːi̯⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Khôi-fûng
  - Hakka Romanization System: koi^ˊ fung^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: koi¹ fung¹
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fuŋ²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: koi¹ fung¹
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰoɪ⁴⁴ fʊŋ⁴⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: Kăi-hŭng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰai⁵⁵ ^(h-)uŋ⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Khai-hong
  - Tâi-lô: Khai-hong
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qai'hofng
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰai³³ hɔŋ³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kai¹ hong¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khai hong
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰai³³⁻²³ hoŋ³³/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹khe-fon
  - MiniDict: khe^平 fon
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹khe-fon
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰe⁵⁵ foŋ²¹/

Etymology

The city was named in the late 8^th century BCE by the Duke Zhuang of Zheng originally as 啓封 / 启封 (qǐfēng), literally opening up a new domain. Later in 156 BCE, for the new emperor's name happened to be 啓／启, the character was displaced by its closest synonym 開／开, hence the current name.

Proper noun

開封

(～市) Kaifeng (a prefecture-level city on the Yellow River in Henan, China, a former national capital)

Synonyms

(archaic, historical) 汴梁 (Biànliáng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (開封):

→ Japanese: 開(かい)封(ほう) (Kaihō)
→ Korean: 개봉(開封) (Gaebong)
→ Vietnamese: Khai Phong (開封)

Others:

→ Thai: ไคฟง

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
開	封
かい Grade: 3	ふう Grade: S
goon

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かいふう [kàífúú] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [ka̠iɸɯ̟ː]

Noun

開(かい)封(ふう) • (kaifū)

breaking-open of a seal
未(み)開(かい)封(ふう)のまま賞(しょう)味(み)期(き)限(げん)を過(す)ぎてしまった牛(ぎゅう)乳(にゅう)
mikaifū no mama shōmi kigen o sugiteshimatta gyūnyū
milk that has passed its expiration date without ever being opened
unsealed mail

Verb

開(かい)封(ふう)する • (kaifū suru) suru (stem 開(かい)封(ふう)し (kaifū shi), past 開(かい)封(ふう)した (kaifū shita))

to break open a seal

Conjugation

Conjugation of "開封する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	開封し	かいふうし	kaifū shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	開封し	かいふうし	kaifū shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	開封する	かいふうする	kaifū suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	開封する	かいふうする	kaifū suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	開封すれ	かいふうすれ	kaifū sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	開封せよ¹ 開封しろ²	かいふうせよ¹ かいふうしろ²	kaifū seyo¹ kaifū shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	開封される	かいふうされる	kaifū sareru
Causative	開封させる開封さす	かいふうさせるかいふうさす	kaifū saseru kaifū sasu
Potential	開封できる	かいふうできる	kaifū dekiru
Volitional	開封しよう	かいふうしよう	kaifū shiyō
Negative	開封しない	かいふうしない	kaifū shinai
Negative continuative	開封せず	かいふうせず	kaifū sezu
Formal	開封します	かいふうします	kaifū shimasu
Perfective	開封した	かいふうした	kaifū shita
Conjunctive	開封して	かいふうして	kaifū shite
Hypothetical conditional	開封すれば	かいふうすれば	kaifū sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

Extended conjugation of kaifū suru "開封する" (Class: sa-gyō henkaku "s-irregular")

(See Appendix:Japanese verbs and Japanese conjugation)
Ren’yōkei ("continuative form")	開封し [kaifū shi]
Rentaikei ("attributive form")	開封する [kaifū suru]
	Positive	Negative
Conjunctive (te-form)	開封して [kaifū shite]	開封しないで [kaifū shinai de] 開封しなくて [kaifū shinakute]
Non-past / Imperfective
	Positive	Negative
Plain	開封する [kaifū suru]	開封しない [kaifū shinai]
Polite	開封します [kaifū shimasu]	開封しません [kaifū shimasen]
Past / Perfective
	Positive	Negative
Plain	開封した [kaifū shita]	開封しなかった [kaifū shinakatta]
Polite	開封しました [kaifū shimashita]	開封しませんでした [kaifū shimasen deshita]
Passive
Verb stem	開封され [kaifū sare]
	Positive	Negative
Plain	開封される [kaifū sareru]	開封されない [kaifū sarenai]
Polite	開封されます [kaifū saremasu]	開封されません [kaifū saremasen]
Past	開封された [kaifū sareta]	開封されなかった [kaifū sarenakatta]
Polite past	開封されました [kaifū saremashita]	開封されませんでした [kaifū saremasen deshita]
Causative
Verb stem	開封させ [kaifū sase]
	Positive	Negative
Plain	開封させる [kaifū saseru] short form: 開封さす [kaifū sasu]	開封させない [kaifū sasenai]
Polite	開封させます [kaifū sasemasu]	開封させません [kaifū sasemasen]
Past	開封させた [kaifū saseta]	開封させなかった [kaifū sasenakatta]
Polite past	開封させました [kaifū sasemashita]	開封させませんでした [kaifū sasemasen deshita]
Potential
Verb stem	開封でき [kaifū deki]
	Positive	Negative
Plain	開封できる [kaifū dekiru]	開封できない [kaifū dekinai]
Polite	開封できます [kaifū dekimasu]	開封できません [kaifū dekimasen]
Past	開封できた [kaifū dekita]	開封できなかった [kaifū dekinakatta]
Polite past	開封できました [kaifū dekimashita]	開封できませんでした [kaifū dekimasen deshita]
Imperative
	Positive	Negative
Meireikei / Firm instruction	written: 開封せよ [kaifū seyo], spoken: 開封しろ [kaifū shiro]	—
Other imperative constructions
	Positive	Negative
Polite request	開封してください [kaifū shite kudasai]	開封しないでください [kaifū shinai de kudasai]
-nasai form	開封しなさい [kaifū shinasai]	—
Prohibitive / Do not ~	—	開封するな [kaifū suru na]
Volitional / Presumptive
	Positive	Negative
Plain	開封しよう [kaifū shiyō]	—
Polite	開封しましょう [kaifū shimashō]	—
Conditional
	Positive	Negative
Hypothetical / Provisional	開封すれば [kaifū sureba]	開封しなければ [kaifū shinakereba] colloquial: 開封しなきゃ [kaifū shinakya]
-tara form	開封したら [kaifū shitara]	開封しなかったら [kaifū shinakattara]
Causative passive
Verb stem	開封させられ [kaifū saserare]
	Positive	Negative
Plain	開封させられる [kaifū saserareru]	開封させられない [kaifū saserarenai]
Polite	開封させられます [kaifū saseraremasu]	開封させられません [kaifū saseraremasen]
Past	開封させられた [kaifū saserareta]	開封させられなかった [kaifū saserarenakatta]
Polite past	開封させられました [kaifū saseraremashita]	開封させられませんでした [kaifū saseraremasen deshita]
Desiderative (-tai form)
	Positive	Negative
Plain	開封したい [kaifū shitai]	開封したくない [kaifū shitaku nai]
	For other desiderative forms, see たい#Inflection.
Progressive action and current state (-te iru form)
	Positive	Negative
Plain	開封している [kaifū shite iru] contraction: 開封してる [kaifū shiteru]	開封していない [kaifū shite inai] contraction: 開封してない [kaifū shitenai]
Polite	開封しています [kaifū shite imasu]	開封していません [kaifū shite imasen]
Past	開封していた [kaifū shite ita]	開封していなかった [kaifū shite inakatta]
Polite past	開封していました [kaifū shite imashita]	開封していませんでした [kaifū shite imasen deshita]

Other forms and constructions
Archaic or classical negative	開封せぬ [kaifū senu] ¹
Archaic attributive negative	開封せぬ [kaifū senu] ¹
Colloquial or dialectal -ん negative	開封せん [kaifū sen]
Negative continuative	開封せず [kaifū sezu] ¹
(〜に): without ~ing	開封せず [kaifū sezu] ¹
Representative / Listing examples	開封したり [kaifū shitari]

¹ Archaic form, now mostly used in set phrases, written language and formal speech.

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
開	封
かい Grade: 3	ほう Grade: S
kan'on

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ka̠iho̞ː]

Proper noun

開(かい)封(ほう) • (Kaihō)

Kaifeng (a prefecture-level city on the Yellow River in Henan, China, a former national capital)

References

“開封”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
開	封

Noun

開封 • (gaebong) (hangeul 개봉)

hanja form^? of 개봉
1. breaking-open of a seal
2. first airing of a movie

Proper noun

開封 • (Gaebong) (hangeul 개봉)

hanja form^? of 개봉 (“Kaifeng”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
開	封

Proper noun

開封

chữ Hán form of Khai Phong (“Kaifeng”)