迫害

Chinese

		to force; to compel; pressing to force; to compel; pressing; urgent	to do harm to; to cause trouble to; harm to do harm to; to cause trouble to; harm; evil; calamity
trad. (迫害)		迫	害
simp. ^#(迫害)		迫	害

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): pòhài

(Zhuyin): ㄆㄛˋ ㄏㄞˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): bik¹ hoi⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): pet-hoi

(Hailu, HRS): bed hoi^˖
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): piak-hāi / pek-hāi

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: pòhài
  - Zhuyin: ㄆㄛˋ ㄏㄞˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: pòhài
  - Wade–Giles: pʻo⁴-hai⁴
  - Yale: pwò-hài
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pohhay
  - Palladius: похай (poxaj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xaɪ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: bik¹ hoi⁶
  - Yale: bīk hoih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: bik⁷ hoi⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: big¹ hoi⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɪk̚⁵ hɔːi̯²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pet-hoi
  - Hakka Romanization System: bed^ˋ hoi
  - Hagfa Pinyim: bed⁵ hoi⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /pet̚² hoi̯⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: bed hoi^˖
  - Sinological IPA: /pet⁵⁻² hoi³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: piak-hāi
  - Tâi-lô: piak-hāi
  - Phofsit Daibuun: piakhai
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /piak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hai⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pek-hāi
  - Tâi-lô: pik-hāi
  - Phofsit Daibuun: pekhai
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hai²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /piɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hai³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /piɪk̚³²⁻⁵ hai²²/

Verb

迫害

(transitive) to persecute
在法律規定下，人民有免受迫害與恐懼的自由。 [MSC, trad.]
在法律规定下，人民有免受迫害与恐惧的自由。 [MSC, simp.]
Zài fǎlǜ guīdìng xià, rénmín yǒu miǎn shòu pòhài yǔ kǒngjù de zìyóu. [Pinyin]
(please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

(Hokkien) 窘迫 (khún-pek), 窘逐 (khún-tio̍k)

Antonyms

保護／保护 (bǎohù)

Derived terms

政治迫害 (zhèngzhì pòhài)
迫害者 (pòhàizhě)

Related terms

殘害／残害 (cánhài)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (迫害):

→ Japanese: 迫害(はくがい) (hakugai)
→ Korean: 박해(迫害) (bakhae)
→ Vietnamese: bách hại (迫害)

References

“迫害”, in 重編國語辭典修訂本 [Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary] (in Chinese), National Academy for Educational Research (Taiwan), 2021.

Japanese

Kanji in this term
迫	害
はく Grade: S	がい Grade: 4
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) はくがい [hàkúgáí] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [ha̠kɯ̟ɡa̠i]

Noun

迫(はく)害(がい) • (hakugai)

persecution

Verb

迫(はく)害(がい)する • (hakugai suru) transitive suru (stem 迫(はく)害(がい)し (hakugai shi), past 迫(はく)害(がい)した (hakugai shita))

to persecute

Conjugation

Conjugation of "迫害する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	迫害し	はくがいし	hakugai shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	迫害し	はくがいし	hakugai shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	迫害する	はくがいする	hakugai suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	迫害する	はくがいする	hakugai suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	迫害すれ	はくがいすれ	hakugai sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	迫害せよ¹ 迫害しろ²	はくがいせよ¹ はくがいしろ²	hakugai seyo¹ hakugai shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	迫害される	はくがいされる	hakugai sareru
Causative	迫害させる迫害さす	はくがいさせるはくがいさす	hakugai saseru hakugai sasu
Potential	迫害できる	はくがいできる	hakugai dekiru
Volitional	迫害しよう	はくがいしよう	hakugai shiyō
Negative	迫害しない	はくがいしない	hakugai shinai
Negative continuative	迫害せず	はくがいせず	hakugai sezu
Formal	迫害します	はくがいします	hakugai shimasu
Perfective	迫害した	はくがいした	hakugai shita
Conjunctive	迫害して	はくがいして	hakugai shite
Hypothetical conditional	迫害すれば	はくがいすれば	hakugai sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

“迫害”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
迫	害

Noun

迫害 • (bakhae) (hangeul 박해)

hanja form^? of 박해 (“persecution”)