改良

Chinese

		to change; to alter; to transform to change; to alter; to transform; to correct	good; very; very much
simp. and trad. (改良)		改	良

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gǎiliáng

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄞˇ ㄌㄧㄤˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): goi² loeng⁴
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kái-liông / kái-liâng

(Teochew, Peng'im): goi² liang⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gǎiliáng
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄞˇ ㄌㄧㄤˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gǎiliáng
  - Wade–Giles: kai³-liang²
  - Yale: gǎi-lyáng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gaeliang
  - Palladius: гайлян (gajljan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: goi² loeng⁴
  - Yale: gói lèuhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: goi² loeng⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: goi² lêng⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔːi̯³⁵ lœːŋ²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kái-liông
  - Tâi-lô: kái-liông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kaylioong
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kái-liâng
  - Tâi-lô: kái-liâng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kayliaang
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liaŋ²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liaŋ¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liaŋ²⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: goi² liang⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kói liâng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /koi⁵²⁻³⁵ liaŋ⁵⁵/

Verb

改良

to improve; to refine; to upgrade; to reform

Synonyms

健全 (jiànquán)
出息 (colloquial)
前進 / 前进 (qiánjìn)
完善 (wánshàn)
提升 (tíshēng)
提懸 / 提悬 (Min Nan)
提高 (tígāo)
改善 (gǎishàn)
改進 / 改进 (gǎijìn)
躍進 / 跃进 (yuèjìn)
進展 / 进展 (jìnzhǎn)
進步 / 进步 (jìnbù)

Derived terms

品種改良 / 品种改良
遺傳改良 / 遗传改良 (yíchuán gǎiliáng)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
改	良
かい Grade: 4	りょう Grade: 4
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かいりょー [kàíryóó] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [ka̠iɾʲo̞ː]

Noun

改(かい)良(りょう) • (kairyō)

amelioration, improvement, betterment

Antonyms

改悪(かいあく) (kaiaku, “deterioration”)

Related terms

好転(こうてん) (kōten) (state of becoming better)

Verb

改(かい)良(りょう)する • (kairyō suru) transitive suru (stem 改(かい)良(りょう)し (kairyō shi), past 改(かい)良(りょう)した (kairyō shita))

ameliorate, improve, better, upgrade
農地(のうち)を改良(かいりょう)する
nōchi o kairyō suru
improve agricultural land

Conjugation

Conjugation of "改良する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	改良し	かいりょうし	kairyō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	改良し	かいりょうし	kairyō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	改良する	かいりょうする	kairyō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	改良する	かいりょうする	kairyō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	改良すれ	かいりょうすれ	kairyō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	改良せよ¹ 改良しろ²	かいりょうせよ¹ かいりょうしろ²	kairyō seyo¹ kairyō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	改良される	かいりょうされる	kairyō sareru
Causative	改良させる改良さす	かいりょうさせるかいりょうさす	kairyō saseru kairyō sasu
Potential	改良できる	かいりょうできる	kairyō dekiru
Volitional	改良しよう	かいりょうしよう	kairyō shiyō
Negative	改良しない	かいりょうしない	kairyō shinai
Negative continuative	改良せず	かいりょうせず	kairyō sezu
Formal	改良します	かいりょうします	kairyō shimasu
Perfective	改良した	かいりょうした	kairyō shita
Conjunctive	改良して	かいりょうして	kairyō shite
Hypothetical conditional	改良すれば	かいりょうすれば	kairyō sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

“改良”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
改	良

Noun

改良 • (gaeryang) (hangeul 개량)

hanja form^? of 개량 (“improvement”)