懇

See also: 恳

懇	U+61C7, 懇 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-61C7

← 懆
[U+61C6]

CJK Unified Ideographs

懈 →
[U+61C8]

Translingual

Han character

懇 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+13, 17 strokes, cangjie input 月女心 (BVP), four-corner 2733₃, composition ⿱貇心)

Derived characters

𡄩, 𧄅

Related characters

恳 (Simplified Chinese)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 405, character 18
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11326
Dae Jaweon: page 745, character 28
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2358, character 12
Unihan data for U+61C7

Chinese

trad.		懇
simp.		恳
alternative forms		𢡆貇豤𧩺

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (艮) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
艱	*krɯːn
齦	kʰrɯːnʔ, kʰɯːnʔ, *ŋɯn
眼	*ŋrɯːnʔ
蛝	*ɡrɯːn
限	*ɡrɯːnʔ
硍	*ɡrɯːnʔ
豤	kʰɯːnʔ, kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰuːn
詪	ɡlɯːnʔ, kɯːnʔ, *kɯːns
根	*kɯːn
跟	*kɯːn
珢	kɯːn, kɯːns, *ŋrɯn
艮	*kɯːns
茛	*kɯːns
墾	*kʰɯːnʔ
懇	*kʰɯːnʔ
垠	ŋɯːn, ŋrɯn, *ŋɯn
泿	ŋɯːn, ŋrɯn
痕	*ɡɯːn
拫	*ɡɯːn
鞎	*ɡɯːn
很	*ɡɯːnʔ
恨	*ɡɯːns
銀	*ŋrɯn
檭	*ŋrɯn

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰɯːnʔ): phonetic 貇 + semantic 心 (“heart”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): kěn (ken³)

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄣˇ

(Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): kèn
Cantonese (Jyutping): han²
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): khién

(Meixian, Guangdong): kên³
Jin (Wiktionary): keng²
Eastern Min (BUC): kōng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): kyng³ / koeng³ / king³
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): khún

(Teochew, Peng'im): keng²
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁵khen / ³khen
- (Jinhua): ³khen
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ken³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kěn
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄣˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kěn
  - Wade–Giles: kʻên³
  - Yale: kěn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: keen
  - Palladius: кэнь (kɛnʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰən²¹⁴/
- (Xi'an)
  - Guanzhong Pinyin: kèn
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰẽ⁵³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: han²
  - Yale: hán
  - Cantonese Pinyin: han²
  - Guangdong Romanization: hen²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐn³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khién
  - Hakka Romanization System: kien^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kian³
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯en³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: kên³
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰɛn³¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: keng²
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /kʰəŋ⁵³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: kōng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰouŋ³³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian, Nanri)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: kyng³
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: kṳ̂ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰyŋ⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou, Youyang)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: kyng³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰyŋ³³²/
- (Jiangkou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: koeng³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰœŋ⁴⁵³/
- (Donghai)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: king³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiŋ⁴⁵³/
- (Fengting)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: king³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiŋ³³²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khún
  - Tâi-lô: khún
  - Phofsit Daibuun: quon
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kʰun⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰun⁵⁵⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰun⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kʰun⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰun⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: keng²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khṳ́ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɯŋ⁵²/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵khen
  - MiniDict: khen^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²khen
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰən³⁴/
- (Northern: Jiading, Songjiang, Chongming, Suzhou, Changzhou, Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Ningbo, Zhoushan)
  - Wugniu: ³khen
  - MiniDict: khen^上
  - MiniDict: kheon^上
  - Sinological IPA (Jiading): /kʰəŋ³⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /kʰəŋ⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Chongming): /kʰən⁴²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /kʰən⁵¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /kʰəŋ⁴⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /kʰən⁴³⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /kʰen⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /kʰəŋ³³⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /kʰəŋ³²⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /kʰɐŋ³⁵/
- (Jinhua)
  - Wugniu: ³khen
  - Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /kʰəŋ⁵³⁵/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: ken³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰən⁴¹/

Middle Chinese: khonX

Rime
Character	懇
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	痕 (53)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	康很切
Baxter	khonX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰən^X/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰən^X/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰən^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰən^X/
Li Rong	/kʰən^X/
Wang Li	/kʰən^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰən^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kěn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	han²

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*kʰɯːnʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	懇
Reading #	1/1
No.	3931
Phonetic component	艮
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	墾
Old Chinese	/*kʰɯːnʔ/
Notes	見通俗文

Definitions

懇

sincere; earnest; cordial
to beg; to request

Compounds

乞懇 / 乞恳
勤懇 / 勤恳 (qínkěn)
哀懇 / 哀恳
奉懇 / 奉恳
婚姻懇談 / 婚姻恳谈
情詞懇切 / 情词恳切
懇切 / 恳切 (kěnqiè)
懇到 / 恳到
懇悃 / 恳悃
懇惻 / 恳恻
懇愊 / 恳愊
懇懇 / 恳恳
懇摯 / 恳挚 (kěnzhì)
懇求 / 恳求 (kěnqiú)
懇至 / 恳至
懇親 / 恳亲
懇親會 / 恳亲会
懇言 / 恳言
懇託 / 恳托
懇談 / 恳谈 (kěntán)
懇請 / 恳请 (kěnqǐng)
懇辭 / 恳辞
懇願 / 恳愿 (kěnyuàn)
拜懇 / 拜恳
敬懇者 / 敬恳者
精懇 / 精恳
累懇 / 累恳
茲懇者 / 兹恳者
誠懇 / 诚恳 (chéngkěn)
諄懇 / 谆恳

References

Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01453

Japanese

Kanji

懇

(Jōyō kanji)

earnest, sincere

Readings

Go-on: こん (kon, Jōyō)
Kan-on: こん (kon, Jōyō)
Kun: ねんごろ (nengoro, 懇ろ, Jōyō)^{←ねんごろ (nengoro, 懇ろ, historical)}^{←ねもころ (nemokoro, 懇ろ, ancient)}

Korean

Hanja

懇 • (gan) (hangeul 간, revised gan, McCune–Reischauer kan, Yale kan)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

懇: Hán Nôm readings: khấn

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.