墾

See also: 垦

墾	U+58BE, 墾 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58BE

← 墽
[U+58BD]

CJK Unified Ideographs

墿 →
[U+58BF]

Translingual

Han character

墾 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 月女土 (BVG), four-corner 2710₄, composition ⿱貇土)

Derived characters

𡓚𮒰

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 240, character 3
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5509
Dae Jaweon: page 479, character 23
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 492, character 4
Unihan data for U+58BE

Chinese

trad.		墾
simp.		垦^*
alternative forms		𡍭𡓚豤

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (艮) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
艱	*krɯːn
齦	kʰrɯːnʔ, kʰɯːnʔ, *ŋɯn
眼	*ŋrɯːnʔ
蛝	*ɡrɯːn
限	*ɡrɯːnʔ
硍	*ɡrɯːnʔ
豤	kʰɯːnʔ, kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰuːn
詪	ɡlɯːnʔ, kɯːnʔ, *kɯːns
根	*kɯːn
跟	*kɯːn
珢	kɯːn, kɯːns, *ŋrɯn
艮	*kɯːns
茛	*kɯːns
墾	*kʰɯːnʔ
懇	*kʰɯːnʔ
垠	ŋɯːn, ŋrɯn, *ŋɯn
泿	ŋɯːn, ŋrɯn
痕	*ɡɯːn
拫	*ɡɯːn
鞎	*ɡɯːn
很	*ɡɯːnʔ
恨	*ɡɯːns
銀	*ŋrɯn
檭	*ŋrɯn

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰɯːnʔ): phonetic 貇 + 土 (“earth/soil”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): kěn (ken³)

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄣˇ

(Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): kèn
Cantonese (Jyutping): han²
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): khién

(Hailu, HRS): kien^ˊ

(Meixian, Guangdong): kên³
Jin (Wiktionary): keng²
Eastern Min (BUC): kōng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): kyng³ / koeng³ / king³
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): khún

(Teochew, Peng'im): keng² / kiang²
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁵khen / ³khen
- (Jinhua): ³khen
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ken³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kěn
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄣˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kěn
  - Wade–Giles: kʻên³
  - Yale: kěn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: keen
  - Palladius: кэнь (kɛnʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰən²¹⁴/
- (Xi'an)
  - Guanzhong Pinyin: kèn
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰẽ⁵³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: han²
  - Yale: hán
  - Cantonese Pinyin: han²
  - Guangdong Romanization: hen²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐn³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khién
  - Hakka Romanization System: kien^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kian³
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯en³¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: kien^ˊ
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰien²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: kên³
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰɛn³¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: keng²
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /kʰəŋ⁵³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: kōng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰouŋ³³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian, Nanri)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: kyng³
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: kṳ̂ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰyŋ⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou, Youyang)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: kyng³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰyŋ³³²/
- (Jiangkou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: koeng³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰœŋ⁴⁵³/
- (Donghai)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: king³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiŋ⁴⁵³/
- (Fengting)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: king³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiŋ³³²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khún
  - Tâi-lô: khún
  - Phofsit Daibuun: quon
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kʰun⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰun⁵⁵⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰun⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kʰun⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰun⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: keng² / kiang²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khṳ́ng / khiáng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɯŋ⁵²/, /kʰiaŋ⁵²/

Note:

keng2 - Chaozhou, Chenghai, Raoping, Shantou;
kiang2 - Chaoyang, Jieyang.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵khen
  - MiniDict: khen^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²khen
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰən³⁴/
- (Northern: Jiading, Chongming, Suzhou, Changzhou, Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Ningbo, Zhoushan)
  - Wugniu: ³khen
  - MiniDict: khen^上
  - MiniDict: kheon^上
  - Sinological IPA (Jiading): /kʰəŋ³⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Chongming): /kʰən⁴²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /kʰən⁵¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /kʰəŋ⁴⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /kʰən⁴³⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /kʰen⁵³/
  - Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /kʰəŋ³³⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /kʰəŋ³²⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /kʰɐŋ³⁵/
- (Jinhua)
  - Wugniu: ³khen
  - Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /kʰəŋ⁵³⁵/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: ken³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰən⁴¹/

Middle Chinese: khonX

Rime
Character	墾
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	痕 (53)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	康很切
Baxter	khonX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰən^X/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰən^X/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰən^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰən^X/
Li Rong	/kʰən^X/
Wang Li	/kʰən^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰən^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kěn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	han²

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*kʰɯːnʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	墾
Reading #	1/1
No.	3930
Phonetic component	艮
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	墾
Old Chinese	/*kʰɯːnʔ/

Definitions

墾

to cultivate; to reclaim wasteland
to till; to plow

Compounds

墾地 / 垦地 (kěndì)
墾殖 / 垦殖 (kěnzhí)
墾田 / 垦田
墾荒 / 垦荒 (kěnhuāng)
墾闢 / 垦辟
屯墾 / 屯垦 (túnkěn)
山田燒墾 / 山田烧垦
排水開墾 / 排水开垦
濫墾 / 滥垦
耕墾 / 耕垦
農墾 / 农垦 (nóngkěn)
開墾 / 开垦 (kāikěn)
鹽墾 / 盐垦

References

“墾”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00818
李如龙 [Li, Ru-long]; 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu]; 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying]; 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019), “垦”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 230.

Japanese

Kanji

墾

(Jōyō kanji)

to till, to plough
to cultivate; to reclaim wasteland

Readings

Go-on: こん (kon, Jōyō)
Kan-on: こん (kon, Jōyō)
Kun: ひらく (hiraku, 墾く)、たがやす (tagayasu, 墾す)、はる (haru, 墾る)

Compounds

Derived terms

墾(こん)田(でん) (konden, “newly cultivated field”)
墾(こん)化(か) (konka, “cultivation of land”)
墾(こん)芸(げい) (kongei)
墾(こん)荒(こう) (konkō, “reclaiming land”)
墾(こん)耕(こう) (konkō, “cultivation”)
墾(こん)鑿(さく) (konsaku, “plowing land and digging ditches”)
墾(こん)種(しゅ) (konshu, “plowing and cultivation”)
墾(こん)除(じょ) (konjo, “plowing/cultivating land”)
墾壌(こん) (konjō, “cultivation”)
墾(こん)殖(しょく) (konshoku, “plowing and cultivation”)
墾(こん)植(しょく) (konshoku, “same as 墾殖”)
墾(こん)耨(じょく) (konjoku, “clearing and pruning of land”)
墾(こん)草(そう) (konsō, “cultivation of grassland”)
墾(こん)発(ぱつ) (konpatsu, “cultivation”)
墾(こん)辟(ぺき) (konpeki, “cultivation”)
墾(こん)闢(ぺき) (konpeki, “cultivation”)
墾(こん)民(みん) (konmin, “settler, colonist”)
墾(はり)道(みち) (harimichi, “newly-cleared road”)
開(かい)墾(こん) (kaikon, “cultivation, clearing”)
耕(こう)墾(こん) (kōkon, “plowing and cultivation”)
鉏墾
新(しん)墾(こん) (shinkon, “reclaiming, cultivation”)
償墾
備墾
闢(へき)墾(こん) (hekikon, “cultivation”)
翻墾

Korean

Hanja

墾 • (gan) (hangeul 간, revised gan, McCune–Reischauer kan)

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Vietnamese

Han character

墾: Hán Nôm readings: khẩn

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