妨害

Chinese

		hinder; harm	to do harm to; to cause trouble to; harm to do harm to; to cause trouble to; harm; evil; calamity
trad. (妨害)		妨	害
simp. ^#(妨害)		妨	害

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): fánghài

(Zhuyin): ㄈㄤˊ ㄏㄞˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): fong⁴ hoi⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): fòng-hoi

(Hailu, HRS): fong hoi^˖
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hóng-hāi / hông-hāi / hong-hāi

(Teochew, Peng'im): huang⁵ hai⁷

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: fánghài
  - Zhuyin: ㄈㄤˊ ㄏㄞˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: fánghài
  - Wade–Giles: fang²-hai⁴
  - Yale: fáng-hài
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: farnghay
  - Palladius: фанхай (fanxaj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɑŋ³⁵ xaɪ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: fong⁴ hoi⁶
  - Yale: fòhng hoih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fong⁴ hoi⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: fong⁴ hoi⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɔːŋ²¹ hɔːi̯²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fòng-hoi
  - Hakka Romanization System: fong^ˇ hoi
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fong² hoi⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /foŋ¹¹ hoi̯⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: fong hoi^˖
  - Sinological IPA: /foŋ⁵⁵ hoi³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hóng-hāi
  - Tâi-lô: hóng-hāi
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hofnghai
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hai²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hai⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hông-hāi
  - Tâi-lô: hông-hāi
  - Phofsit Daibuun: honghai
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /hɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hai³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ²³⁻³³ hai³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hong-hāi
  - Tâi-lô: hong-hāi
  - Phofsit Daibuun: honghai
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai²²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: huang⁵ hai⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huâng hāi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /huaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hai¹¹/

Verb

妨害

to hinder; to impair; to interfere with; to harm; to damage

Synonyms

edit

傷害 / 伤害 (shānghài)
危及 (wēijí)
危害 (wēihài)
戕害 (qiānghài) (literary)
戕賊 / 戕贼 (literary)
損 / 损 (sǔn) (literary, or in compounds)
損傷 / 损伤 (sǔnshāng)
損害 / 损害 (sǔnhài)
暴害 (bàohài) (literary)
有傷 / 有伤 (yǒushāng) (chiefly used in derived terms)
禍 / 祸 (huò) (literary, or in compounds)
禍害 / 祸害 (huòhài)

Derived terms

妨害公務罪 / 妨害公务罪
妨害家庭罪 (fánghài jiātíng zuì)
妨害風化罪 / 妨害风化罪 (fánghài fēnghuà zuì)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (妨害):

→ Japanese: 妨害(ぼうがい) (bōgai)
→ Korean: 방해(妨害) (banghae)
→ Vietnamese: phương hại (妨害)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
妨	害
ぼう Grade: S	がい Grade: 4
on'yomi

Alternative spellings
妨碍妨礙

Etymology

害 is a daiyōji replacing 碍.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ぼーがい [bòógáí] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [bo̞ːɡa̠i]

Noun

妨(ぼう)害(がい) • (bōgai)

obstructing someone or something; obstruction, interference
妨害(ぼうがい)をやめろ。
Bōgai o yamero.
Do not disturb!

Synonyms

邪(じゃ)魔(ま) (jama)

Verb

妨(ぼう)害(がい)する • (bōgai suru) transitive suru (stem 妨(ぼう)害(がい)し (bōgai shi), past 妨(ぼう)害(がい)した (bōgai shita))

obstruct, disturb, stand in the way
- 2023 April 21, 福山宏, quotee, “第211回国会　衆議院　法務委員会　第12号　令和5年4月21日”, in 国会会議録検索システム‎^[1], 国立国会図書館:
  中には、医師や看護師に暴言を吐き、診療行為を妨害し、診療時間を長引かせる被収容者もいます。
  Naka ni wa, ishi ya kangoshi ni bōgen o haki, shinryō kōi o bōgai shi, shinryō jikan o nagabikaseru hi-shūyō-sha mo i-masu.
  Some detainees verbally abuse doctors and nurses, disrupt medical procedures and prolong treatment times.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "妨害する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	妨害し	ぼうがいし	bōgai shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	妨害し	ぼうがいし	bōgai shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	妨害する	ぼうがいする	bōgai suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	妨害する	ぼうがいする	bōgai suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	妨害すれ	ぼうがいすれ	bōgai sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	妨害せよ¹ 妨害しろ²	ぼうがいせよ¹ ぼうがいしろ²	bōgai seyo¹ bōgai shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	妨害される	ぼうがいされる	bōgai sareru
Causative	妨害させる妨害さす	ぼうがいさせるぼうがいさす	bōgai saseru bōgai sasu
Potential	妨害できる	ぼうがいできる	bōgai dekiru
Volitional	妨害しよう	ぼうがいしよう	bōgai shiyō
Negative	妨害しない	ぼうがいしない	bōgai shinai
Negative continuative	妨害せず	ぼうがいせず	bōgai sezu
Formal	妨害します	ぼうがいします	bōgai shimasu
Perfective	妨害した	ぼうがいした	bōgai shita
Conjunctive	妨害して	ぼうがいして	bōgai shite
Hypothetical conditional	妨害すれば	ぼうがいすれば	bōgai sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

Synonyms

妨(さまた)げる (samatageru)

References

“妨害”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[2] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
Ineko Kondō, Fumi Takano, Mary E. Althaus, et al. (2002), Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, third edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN