克服

Chinese

		gram; subdue; to restrain gram; subdue; to restrain; to overcome	clothes; dress; garment clothes; dress; garment; submit; take (medicine)
simp. and trad. (克服)		克	服

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kèfú

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄜˋ ㄈㄨˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hak¹ fuk⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): khiet-fu̍k / khiat-fu̍k

(Hailu, HRS): kied fug^ˋ
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): keh⁶ horh⁷
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): khiak-ho̍k / khat-ho̍k / khek-ho̍k

(Teochew, Peng'im): kiog⁴ hog⁸

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kèfú
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄜˋ ㄈㄨˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kèfú
  - Wade–Giles: kʻo⁴-fu²
  - Yale: kè-fú
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kehfwu
  - Palladius: кэфу (kɛfu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɤ⁵¹ fu³⁵/
  - Homophones:
    ^edit
    ^edit
    克服
    客服
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: hak¹ fuk⁶
  - Yale: hāk fuhk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hak⁷ fuk⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: heg¹ fug⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐk̚⁵ fʊk̚²/
  - Homophones:
    ^edit
    ^edit
    克復 / 克复
    克服
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiet-fu̍k
  - Hakka Romanization System: kied^ˋ fug
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kiad⁵ fug⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯et̚² fuk̚⁵/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiat-fu̍k
  - Hakka Romanization System: kiad^ˋ fug
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kiad⁵ fug⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯at̚² fuk̚⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: kied fug^ˋ
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰiet⁵⁻² fuk²/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: keh⁶ horh⁷ [Phonetic: keh⁷ horh⁷]
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: keh-ho̤̍h
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɛʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ hɒʔ⁴/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: keh⁶ horh⁷ [Phonetic: keh⁷ horh⁷]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɛʔ²⁻⁴ hɒʔ⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiak-ho̍k
  - Tâi-lô: khiak-ho̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qiakhok
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hɔk̚²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khat-ho̍k
  - Tâi-lô: khat-ho̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qathok
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰat̚⁵⁻²⁴ hɔk̚²⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khek-ho̍k
  - Tâi-lô: khik-ho̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qekhok
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hɔk̚⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ hɔk̚¹²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kiog⁴ hog⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiok ho̍k
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiok̚²⁻⁴ hok̚⁴/

Verb

克服

to overcome; to conquer; to surmount
孩子必須學會克服困難。 [MSC, trad.]
孩子必须学会克服困难。 [MSC, simp.]
Háizi bìxū xuéhuì kèfú kùnnán. [Pinyin]
Children must learn to overcome difficulties.
- 希望你們好好研究討論，並且每過一個時期就要總結經驗，發揚成績，克服缺點。 [MSC, trad.]
  希望你们好好研究讨论，并且每过一个时期就要总结经验，发扬成绩，克服缺点。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 1956, 毛澤東 (Mao Zedong), 《論十大關係》 (On the Ten Major Relationships), 《毛澤東選集》. English translation based on the Foreign Languages Press edition
  Xīwàng nǐmen hǎohǎo yánjiū tǎolùn, bìngqiě měi guò yīge shíqī jiùyào zǒngjié jīngyàn, fāyáng chéngjì, kèfú quēdiǎn. [Pinyin]
  We hope that you will consider and discuss it in earnest and sum up your experience from time to time so as to enhance achievements and overcome shortcomings.
to put up with

Synonyms

(to overcome):

edit

征服 (zhēngfú)
戰勝 / 战胜 (zhànshèng)
攻克 (gōngkè) (figurative)

(to put up with):

edit

包容 (bāoróng)
受
含 (literary, or in compounds)
容忍 (róngrěn)
忍 (rěn)
忍受 (rěnshòu)
忍耐 (rěnnài)
打限 (Malaysia, Singapore)
消受 (xiāoshòu)
耐

Japanese

Kanji in this term
克	服
こく Grade: S	ふく Grade: 3
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) こくふく [kòkúfúkú] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ko̞kɯ̟ɸɯ̟̊kɯ̟]

Noun

克(こく)服(ふく) • (kokufuku)

conquest, overcoming

Verb

克(こく)服(ふく)する • (kokufuku suru) transitive suru (stem 克(こく)服(ふく)し (kokufuku shi), past 克(こく)服(ふく)した (kokufuku shita))

to overcome
Synonym: 乗り越える

Conjugation

Conjugation of "克服する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	克服し	こくふくし	kokufuku shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	克服し	こくふくし	kokufuku shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	克服する	こくふくする	kokufuku suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	克服する	こくふくする	kokufuku suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	克服すれ	こくふくすれ	kokufuku sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	克服せよ¹ 克服しろ²	こくふくせよ¹ こくふくしろ²	kokufuku seyo¹ kokufuku shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	克服される	こくふくされる	kokufuku sareru
Causative	克服させる克服さす	こくふくさせるこくふくさす	kokufuku saseru kokufuku sasu
Potential	克服できる	こくふくできる	kokufuku dekiru
Volitional	克服しよう	こくふくしよう	kokufuku shiyō
Negative	克服しない	こくふくしない	kokufuku shinai
Negative continuative	克服せず	こくふくせず	kokufuku sezu
Formal	克服します	こくふくします	kokufuku shimasu
Perfective	克服した	こくふくした	kokufuku shita
Conjunctive	克服して	こくふくして	kokufuku shite
Hypothetical conditional	克服すれば	こくふくすれば	kokufuku sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

“克服”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
克	服

Noun

克服 • (geukbok) (hangeul 극복)

hanja form^? of 극복

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
克	服

Verb

克服

chữ Hán form of khắc phục

[NHK-1] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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