जार
Hindi
Etymology
Inherited from Prakrit 𑀚𑀸𑀭 (jāra), from Sanskrit जार (jārá), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́aHrás, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₃-rós, from *ǵneh₃-.
Pronunciation
- (Standard Hindi) IPA(key): /d͡ʒɑːɾ/, [d͡ʒäːɾ]
Noun
जार • (jār) m (Urdu spelling جار)
- a lover (adulterous)
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| direct | जार jār |
जार jār |
| oblique | जार jār |
जारों jārõ |
| vocative | जार jār |
जारो jāro |
Related terms
- जारकर्म (jārkarm, “adultery”)
- जारज (jāraj, “illegitimate son”)
- जारजता (jārajtā, “illegitimacy”)
- जारजन्मा (jārjanmā, “born of adultery”)
- जारजा (jārjā, “illegitimate daughter”)
- जारजात (jārjāt, “born of adultery”)
References
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “jāra”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 287
- McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), “जार”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- জাৰ (Assamese script)
- ᬚᬵᬭ (Balinese script)
- জার (Bengali script)
- 𑰕𑰯𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀚𑀸𑀭 (Brahmi script)
- ဇာရ (Burmese script)
- જાર (Gujarati script)
- ਜਾਰ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌜𑌾𑌰 (Grantha script)
- ꦗꦴꦫ (Javanese script)
- 𑂔𑂰𑂩 (Kaithi script)
- ಜಾರ (Kannada script)
- ជារ (Khmer script)
- ຊາຣ (Lao script)
- ജാര (Malayalam script)
- ᡯᠠ᠊ᠠᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘕𑘰𑘨 (Modi script)
- ᠽᠠᢗᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦵𑧑𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐖𑐵𑐬 (Newa script)
- ଜାର (Odia script)
- ꢙꢵꢬ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆘𑆳𑆫 (Sharada script)
- 𑖕𑖯𑖨 (Siddham script)
- ජාර (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩣𑩛𑩼 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚑𑚭𑚤 (Takri script)
- ஜார (Tamil script)
- జార (Telugu script)
- ชาร (Thai script)
- ཛཱ་ར (Tibetan script)
- 𑒖𑒰𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨥𑨊𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology 1
From Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₃-ró-s, from *ǵneh₃- (“to know”), with semantic development into erotic slang from "knowing (women)" > "loving (women)" > "paramour". The semantic shift from "knowing" > "liking, loving", via the same root, has parallels in other Indo-European languages, such as German Bekannter (“acquaintance, friend”) and French connaisseur (“connoisseur”).
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /d͡ʑɑː.ɾɐ́/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /d͡ʑɑː.ɾɐ/
Noun
जा॒र • (jārá) stem, m
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | जा॒रः (jāráḥ) | जा॒रौ (jāráu) जा॒रा¹ (jārā́¹) |
जा॒राः (jārā́ḥ) जा॒रासः॑¹ (jārā́saḥ¹) |
| accusative | जा॒रम् (jārám) | जा॒रौ (jāráu) जा॒रा¹ (jārā́¹) |
जा॒रान् (jārā́n) |
| instrumental | जा॒रेण॑ (jāréṇa) | जा॒राभ्या॑म् (jārā́bhyām) | जा॒रैः (jāráiḥ) जा॒रेभिः॑¹ (jārébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | जा॒राय॑ (jārā́ya) | जा॒राभ्या॑म् (jārā́bhyām) | जा॒रेभ्यः॑ (jārébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | जा॒रात् (jārā́t) | जा॒राभ्या॑म् (jārā́bhyām) | जा॒रेभ्यः॑ (jārébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | जा॒रस्य॑ (jārásya) | जा॒रयोः॑ (jāráyoḥ) | जा॒राणा॑म् (jārā́ṇām) |
| locative | जा॒रे (jāré) | जा॒रयोः॑ (jāráyoḥ) | जा॒रेषु॑ (jāréṣu) |
| vocative | जार॑ (jā́ra) | जारौ॑ (jā́rau) जारा॑¹ (jā́rā¹) |
जाराः॑ (jā́rāḥ) जारा॑सः¹ (jā́rāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Related terms
- जारिणी (jāríṇī, “woman who has a lover”)
- जार्य (jāryà, “friendship”)
Etymology 2
From the root जॄ (jṝ, “to grow old”).
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /d͡ʑɑ́ː.ɾɐ/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /d͡ʑɑː.ɾɐ/
Adjective
जार॑ • (jā́ra) stem
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | जारः॑ (jā́raḥ) | जारौ॑ (jā́rau) जारा॑¹ (jā́rā¹) |
जाराः॑ (jā́rāḥ) जारा॑सः¹ (jā́rāsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | जार॑म् (jā́ram) | जारौ॑ (jā́rau) जारा॑¹ (jā́rā¹) |
जारा॑न् (jā́rān) |
| instrumental | जारे॑ण (jā́reṇa) | जारा॑भ्याम् (jā́rābhyām) | जारैः॑ (jā́raiḥ) जारे॑भिः¹ (jā́rebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | जारा॑य (jā́rāya) | जारा॑भ्याम् (jā́rābhyām) | जारे॑भ्यः (jā́rebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | जारा॑त् (jā́rāt) | जारा॑भ्याम् (jā́rābhyām) | जारे॑भ्यः (jā́rebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | जार॑स्य (jā́rasya) | जार॑योः (jā́rayoḥ) | जारा॑णाम् (jā́rāṇām) |
| locative | जारे॑ (jā́re) | जार॑योः (jā́rayoḥ) | जारे॑षु (jā́reṣu) |
| vocative | जार॑ (jā́ra) | जारौ॑ (jā́rau) जारा॑¹ (jā́rā¹) |
जाराः॑ (jā́rāḥ) जारा॑सः¹ (jā́rāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | जारा॑ (jā́rā) | जारे॑ (jā́re) | जाराः॑ (jā́rāḥ) |
| accusative | जारा॑म् (jā́rām) | जारे॑ (jā́re) | जाराः॑ (jā́rāḥ) |
| instrumental | जार॑या (jā́rayā) जारा॑¹ (jā́rā¹) |
जारा॑भ्याम् (jā́rābhyām) | जारा॑भिः (jā́rābhiḥ) |
| dative | जारा॑यै (jā́rāyai) | जारा॑भ्याम् (jā́rābhyām) | जारा॑भ्यः (jā́rābhyaḥ) |
| ablative | जारा॑याः (jā́rāyāḥ) जारा॑यै² (jā́rāyai²) |
जारा॑भ्याम् (jā́rābhyām) | जारा॑भ्यः (jā́rābhyaḥ) |
| genitive | जारा॑याः (jā́rāyāḥ) जारा॑यै² (jā́rāyai²) |
जार॑योः (jā́rayoḥ) | जारा॑णाम् (jā́rāṇām) |
| locative | जारा॑याम् (jā́rāyām) | जार॑योः (jā́rayoḥ) | जारा॑सु (jā́rāsu) |
| vocative | जारे॑ (jā́re) | जारे॑ (jā́re) | जाराः॑ (jā́rāḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | जार॑म् (jā́ram) | जारे॑ (jā́re) | जारा॑णि (jā́rāṇi) जारा॑¹ (jā́rā¹) |
| accusative | जार॑म् (jā́ram) | जारे॑ (jā́re) | जारा॑णि (jā́rāṇi) जारा॑¹ (jā́rā¹) |
| instrumental | जारे॑ण (jā́reṇa) | जारा॑भ्याम् (jā́rābhyām) | जारैः॑ (jā́raiḥ) जारे॑भिः¹ (jā́rebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | जारा॑य (jā́rāya) | जारा॑भ्याम् (jā́rābhyām) | जारे॑भ्यः (jā́rebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | जारा॑त् (jā́rāt) | जारा॑भ्याम् (jā́rābhyām) | जारे॑भ्यः (jā́rebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | जार॑स्य (jā́rasya) | जार॑योः (jā́rayoḥ) | जारा॑णाम् (jā́rāṇām) |
| locative | जारे॑ (jā́re) | जार॑योः (jā́rayoḥ) | जारे॑षु (jā́reṣu) |
| vocative | जार॑ (jā́ra) | जारे॑ (jā́re) | जारा॑णि (jā́rāṇi) जारा॑¹ (jā́rā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
References
- Monier Williams (1899), “जार”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 419, column 3.
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 588
- Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 253