छत्त्र

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

छत्र (chatra)

Alternative scripts

ছত্ত্ৰ (Assamese script)
ᬙᬢ᭄ᬢ᭄ᬭ (Balinese script)
ছত্ত্র (Bengali script)
𑰔𑰝𑰿𑰝𑰿𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀙𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁆𑀭 (Brahmi script)
ဆတ္တြ (Burmese script)
છત્ત્ર (Gujarati script)
ਛਤ੍ਤ੍ਰ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌛𑌤𑍍𑌤𑍍𑌰 (Grantha script)
ꦖꦠ꧀ꦠꦿ (Javanese script)
𑂓𑂞𑂹𑂞𑂹𑂩 (Kaithi script)
ಛತ್ತ್ರ (Kannada script)
ឆត្ត្រ (Khmer script)
ຉຕ຺ຕ຺ຣ (Lao script)
ഛത്ത്ര (Malayalam script)
ᡮᠠᢠᢠᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘔𑘝𑘿𑘝𑘿𑘨 (Modi script)
ᠼᠠᢐᢐᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑦴𑦽𑧠𑦽𑧠𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
𑐕𑐟𑑂𑐟𑑂𑐬 (Newa script)
ଛତ୍ତ୍ର (Odia script)
ꢘꢡ꣄ꢡ꣄ꢬ (Saurashtra script)
𑆗𑆠𑇀𑆠𑇀𑆫 (Sharada script)
𑖔𑖝𑖿𑖝𑖿𑖨 (Siddham script)
ඡත‍්ත්‍ර (Sinhalese script)
𑩢𑩫 𑪙𑩫 𑪙𑩼 (Soyombo script)
𑚐𑚙𑚶𑚙𑚶𑚤 (Takri script)
ச²த்த்ர (Tamil script)
ఛత్త్ర (Telugu script)
ฉตฺตฺร (Thai script)
ཚ་ཏྟྲ (Tibetan script)
𑒕𑒞𑓂𑒞𑓂𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
𑨤𑨙𑩇𑨙𑩇𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Uncertain;^[1] possibly related to छादयति (chādáyati, “to cover”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-Iranian *šćatˢtrás, Proto-Indo-European *sḱed-tró-s, from *sḱed-^[2]^[3]^[4] or *sked- (“to cover”).^[5] Possible cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬍 (sāδaiiaṇtī, “long trousers”), Old English hætera (“garments”).

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /t͡ɕʰɐ́t.tɾɐ/, [t͡ɕʰɐ́t̚.tɾɐ]
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /t͡ɕʰɐt̪.t̪ɾɐ/, [t͡ɕʰɐt̪̚.t̪ɾɐ]

Noun

छत्त्र॑ • (cháttra) stem, n (root छद्) ^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of छत्त्र॑
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	छत्त्र॑म् (cháttram)	छत्त्रे॑ (cháttre)	छत्त्रा॑णि (cháttrāṇi) छत्त्रा॑¹ (cháttrā¹)
accusative	छत्त्र॑म् (cháttram)	छत्त्रे॑ (cháttre)	छत्त्रा॑णि (cháttrāṇi) छत्त्रा॑¹ (cháttrā¹)
instrumental	छत्त्रे॑ण (cháttreṇa)	छत्त्रा॑भ्याम् (cháttrābhyām)	छत्त्रैः॑ (cháttraiḥ) छत्त्रे॑भिः¹ (cháttrebhiḥ¹)
dative	छत्त्रा॑य (cháttrāya)	छत्त्रा॑भ्याम् (cháttrābhyām)	छत्त्रे॑भ्यः (cháttrebhyaḥ)
ablative	छत्त्रा॑त् (cháttrāt)	छत्त्रा॑भ्याम् (cháttrābhyām)	छत्त्रे॑भ्यः (cháttrebhyaḥ)
genitive	छत्त्र॑स्य (cháttrasya)	छत्त्र॑योः (cháttrayoḥ)	छत्त्रा॑णाम् (cháttrāṇām)
locative	छत्त्रे॑ (cháttre)	छत्त्र॑योः (cháttrayoḥ)	छत्त्रे॑षु (cháttreṣu)
vocative	छत्त्र॑ (cháttra)	छत्त्रे॑ (cháttre)	छत्त्रा॑णि (cháttrāṇi) छत्त्रा॑¹ (cháttrā¹)

¹Vedic

Derived terms

छात्त्र (chāttra)

Descendants

Ashokan Prakrit:
- Magadhi Prakrit:
  - Assamese: ছাতি (sati), ছতা (sota)
  - Bengali: ছাতা (chata)
    - → Garo: chata
  - Odia: ଛତା (chatā), ଛାତା (chātā)
- Sauraseni Prakrit:
  - Sauraseni Apabhramsa:
    - Hindustani:
      - Hindi: छाता (chātā)
        → English: chatta
      - Urdu: چھاتا (chātā)
- Paisaci Prakrit:
  - Punjabi: (“umbrella”)
    - Gurmukhi script: ਛੱਤਰੀ (chattarī)
    - Shahmukhi script: چھتری (chattarī)
→ Angkorian Old Khmer: chatra, chattra°
- Khmer: ឆត្រ (chat), ឆ័ត្រ (chat)
- → Thai: ฉัตร (chàt)
→ English: chhatra
Gujarati: છત્ર (chatra), છત્રી (chatrī)
→ Hindustani:
- Hindi: छतरी (chatrī)
- Urdu: چھتری (chatrī)
  - → Pashto: چترۍ
  - →? Persian:
    - Dari: چتری (čatrī)
  - → Yemeni Arabic: شِتْرِي (šitrī, “curtain”)
→ Konkani: सत्ते (satte)
→ Marathi: छत्री (chatrī), सत्री (satrī) — East Indian
- → Kannada: ಛತ್ರಿ (chatri)
→ Tamil: சத்தி (catti), சத்திரம் (cattiram)
→ Middle Persian: [script needed] (čādur, “sheet, veil”)
- Classical Persian: چَادُر (čādur) (see there for further descendants)
- →? Proto-Turkic: *čātïr (see there for further descendants)
→ Odia: ଛତ୍ରି (chatri), ଛତ୍ରୀ (chatri)
Old Javanese: chattra
- > Javanese: ꦕꦠꦿ (catra) (inherited) (see there for further descendants)
Pali: chatta

References

Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “cháttra”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 272

^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*sād (> SANSKRIT > chattra (n.) 'parasol')”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 341
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), “sk̑ed-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 919
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “chattra-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 554
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “CHAD”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 554
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2001), “Reflexes of Proto-Indo-European *sk in Indo-Iranian”, in Incontri linguistici‎^[3], volume 24, page 7
^ “छत्त्र” in Carl Cappeller, A Sanskrit–English Dictionary: Based upon the St. Petersburg Lexicons, Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, 1891, →OCLC, page 176, column 1.
^ Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1893), “छत्त्र”, in A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout, London: Oxford University Press, page 096
^ Monier Williams (1899), “छत्त्र”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 404, column 1.
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956), “cháttram”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[4] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 403

[1] Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*sād (> SANSKRIT > chattra (n.) 'parasol')”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 341

[2] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “sk̑ed-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 919

[3] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “chattra-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 554

[4] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “CHAD”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 554

[5] Lubotsky, Alexander (2001), “Reflexes of Proto-Indo-European *sk in Indo-Iranian”, in Incontri linguistici‎^[3], volume 24, page 7

[6] “छत्त्र” in Carl Cappeller, A Sanskrit–English Dictionary: Based upon the St. Petersburg Lexicons, Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, 1891, →OCLC, page 176, column 1.

[7] Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1893), “छत्त्र”, in A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout, London: Oxford University Press, page 096

[8] Monier Williams (1899), “छत्त्र”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 404, column 1.

[9] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956), “cháttram”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[4] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 403

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