χρή

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Apparently from a Proto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁-, *ǵʰreh₁- (“to desire, need”), with relation to other roots uncertain. Traditional theories connecting the root to Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to yearn”) (whence χαίρω (khaírō, “to be cheerful”)) or to Sanskrit हरति (hárati, “to bring, carry”) (which itself is of disputed origin, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to enclose”) according to De Vaan) are deemed unconvincing by Beekes.[1]

Originally probably a neuter noun in plural, but used always as a verbal expression by omission of copula ἐστί (estí) or "crasis" of χρὴ (khrḕ) with it.

Pronunciation

 

Verb

χρή • (khrḗ)

  1. (impersonal, expressing necessity) have to, ought, should [with accusative of person and present infinitive or aorist infinitive]

Conjugation

   Present: χρή (Attic)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative     χρή          
subjunctive     χρῇ,
χρὴ ᾖ 		         
optative     χρείη,
χρὴ εἴη 		         
imperative     χρεών ἔστω          
active
infinitive χρῆναι,
χρῆν’,
χρὴ εἶναι
participle m
f
n χρεών,
χρειών
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Present: χρή (Ionic)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative     χρή          
subjunctive     χρῇ,
χρὴ ᾖ 		         
optative     χρείη,
χρὴ εἴη 		         
imperative     χρεόν ἔστω          
active
infinitive χρῆναι,
χρῆν’,
χρὴ εἶναι
participle m
f
n χρεόν
Notes:
Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Imperfect: ἐχρῆν / χρῆν (Attic, Ionic)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative     ἐχρῆν,
χρῆν,
χρἦν,
χρὴ ἦν 		         
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Future: χρήσει, χρἤσται / χρῆσται / χρῆσθαι (Attic)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative     χρήσει          
optative     χρήσοι          
middle indicative     χρἤσται,
χρῆσται,
χρῆσθαι 		         
optative     χρήσοιτο          
active middle
infinitive χρήσειν
participle m
f
n
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Future: χρήδει, χρήδεται (Ionic)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative     χρήδει          
optative     χρήδοι          
middle indicative     χρήδεται          
optative     χρήδοιτο          
active middle
infinitive χρήδειν
participle m
f
n
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

References

  1. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “χρή”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1648

Further reading

  • “χρή”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “χρή”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • “χρή”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891), A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
  • χρή in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
  • “χρή”, in Slater, William J. (1969), Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
  • G5534 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
  • Woodhouse, S. C. (1910), English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
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