Voiced palatal lateral fricative
| Voiced palatal lateral fricative | |
|---|---|
| ʎ̝ | |
| 𝼆̬ | |
| IPA number | 157 429 |
| Audio sample | |
|
source · help | |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | L_r |
A voiced palatal lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʎ̝⟩, though in extIPA ⟨𝼆̬⟩ is preferred.
This sound is not known to occur as a phoneme in any language, but it does occur as an allophone of /ʎ/ in Italian, Spanish and Jebero.[1][2]
Features
Features of a voiced palatal lateral fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italian | Many accents[1] | figlio | [ˈfiʎ̝ːo] | 'son' | Approximant [ʎ] in other accents. See Italian phonology |
| Jebero[2] | [iˈʎ̝apa] | 'shotgun' | Occasional allophone of /ʎ/; only lightly fricated.[2] | ||
Voiced post-palatal lateral fricative
| Voiced post-palatal or pre-velar lateral fricative | |
|---|---|
| ʎ̝˗ | |
| 𝼆̬˗ | |
| ʟ̝᫈ | |
| 𝼄̬᫈ |
A voiced post-palatal or pre-velar lateral fricative can be found in Archi, a Northeast Caucasian language of Dagestan, in which it is clearly a fricative and articulated further back than typical palatals, but further forward than typical velars in most languages.[3]
Features
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is post-palatal (or pre-velar; also called palato-velar, retracted palatal, backed palatal, advanced velar or fronted velar), which means it is articulated between the position of palatal consonants and velar consonants.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Archi[3] | наӏлъдут | [naˤʟ̝᫈dut] | 'blue' | Described by another source as further back velar [ʟ̝].[4] | |
See also
Notes
- ^ a b Ashby (2011:64): "(...) in a large number of Italian accents, there is considerable friction involved in the pronunciation of [ʎ], creating a voiced palatal lateral fricative (for which there is no established IPA symbol)."
- ^ a b c Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013), p. 101.
- ^ a b "The Archi Language Tutorial" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-04. Retrieved 2009-12-23. (The source uses the symbol for the voiced alveolar lateral fricative ⟨ɮ⟩, but specifically notes the sound to be 'palato-velar'.)
- ^ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 207. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
References
- Ashby, Patricia (2011), Understanding Phonetics, Understanding Language series, Routledge, ISBN 978-0340928271
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2013), "Shiwilu (Jebero)", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 97–106, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000370