1932 United States presidential election in Indiana
November 8, 1932
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County Results
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| Elections in Indiana |
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A presidential election was held in Indiana on November 8, 1932, as part of the 1932 United States presidential election. The Democratic ticket of the governor of New York Franklin D. Roosevelt and the speaker of the United States House of Representatives John Nance Garner defeated the Republican ticket of the incumbent president of the United States Herbert Hoover and the vice president of the United States Charles Curtis. Roosevelt defeated Hoover in the national election with 472 electoral votes.[1]
General election
Statistics
Roosevelt became the only Democratic presidential candidate to carry Steuben County, Indiana.[2] As of the 2024, this remains the most recent presidential election in which the Democratic ticket carried Fulton, Jasper, Kosciusko, Morgan and Newton counties.[3]
Summary
Indiana chose 14 electors on a statewide general ticket. State law required voters to elect each member of the Electoral College individually, rather than as a group.[4] This sometimes resulted in small differences in the number of votes cast for electors pledged to the same presidential candidate, if some voters did not vote for all the electors nominated by a party.[5] The following table quotes the official returns published by the secretary of state of Indiana, which list the votes for the first elector on each ticket.[6]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Franklin D. Roosevelt John Nance Garner |
862,054 | 54.67 | 15.08 | |
| Republican | Herbert Hoover Charles Curtis |
677,184 | 42.94 | 16.74 | |
| Socialist | Norman Thomas James H. Maurer |
21,388 | 1.36 | 1.09 | |
| Prohibition | William D. Upshaw Frank S. Regan |
10,399 | 0.66 | 0.27 | |
| Communist | William Z. Foster James W. Ford |
2,187 | 0.14 | 0.12 | |
| Socialist Labor | Verne L. Reynolds John W. Aiken |
2,070 | 0.13 | 0.08 | |
| National | John Zahnd[a] Florence Garvin |
1,615 | 0.10 | 0.10 | |
| Total votes | 1,576,927 | 100% | |||
Results
| Ticket | Candidate | Votes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | John W. Spencer | 862,054 | |
| Democratic | LeRoy J. Keach | 854,024 | |
| Democratic | Sol Henoch | 853,880 | |
| Democratic | Ned Phelps | 853,316 | |
| Democratic | Charles W. Anglin | 853,182 | |
| Democratic | Edward Logan | 853,123 | |
| Democratic | John Gubbins | 853,030 | |
| Democratic | Ernest R. Stewart | 853,013 | |
| Democratic | Frank Finney | 852,937 | |
| Democratic | Evans Woollen | 852,845 | |
| Democratic | Herbert Leffel | 852,777 | |
| Democratic | Albert P. Lesniak | 852,739 | |
| Democratic | Ethel Cummings | 852,576 | |
| Democratic | Albert Gisler | 852,516 | |
| Republican | Oscar George Foellinger | 677,184 | |
| Republican | Benjamin Franklin Huffman | 673,453 | |
| Republican | Horace Singer Norton | 672,014 | |
| Republican | Christian Christensen | 671,877 | |
| Republican | James R. Spivey | 671,712 | |
| Republican | George Freese | 671,541 | |
| Republican | Claud H. Stratton | 671,527 | |
| Republican | E. Vernon Knight | 671,509 | |
| Republican | Phillip Warrington McAbee | 671,509 | |
| Republican | James Lindley Tucker | 671,343 | |
| Republican | Robert H. Carpenter | 671,325 | |
| Republican | Elza O. Rogers | 671,258 | |
| Republican | Maude Irene Briles | 671,231 | |
| Republican | William D. Bain | 671,022 | |
| Socialist | Arlington L. Binford | 21,388 | |
| Socialist | Manuel C. Turpin | 20,930 | |
| Socialist | Joseph Gray | 20,780 | |
| Socialist | Frank Barker | 20,753 | |
| Socialist | Edward G. Nix | 20,745 | |
| Socialist | Joseph E. Showalter | 20,745 | |
| Socialist | Louis Freedman | 20,739 | |
| Socialist | Michael Hasenstab | 20,732 | |
| Socialist | Jacob E. Schrader | 20,732 | |
| Socialist | Charles Stastney | 20,731 | |
| Socialist | Joseph M. Coffman | 20,723 | |
| Socialist | Chester Y. Edkins | 20,702 | |
| Socialist | John H. Wilson | 20,683 | |
| Socialist | William H. Tice | 20,624 | |
| Prohibition | Basil L. Allen | 10,399 | |
| Prohibition | Henry S. Bonsib | 9,847 | |
| Prohibition | Luella Swisher | 9,724 | |
| Prohibition | John Skedler | 9,708 | |
| Prohibition | A. Lee Hanson | 9,690 | |
| Prohibition | Allen Bowman | 9,687 | |
| Prohibition | Walter Ward | 9,685 | |
| Prohibition | John E. Thompson | 9,671 | |
| Prohibition | Thomas F. White | 9,662 | |
| Prohibition | Julia M. Nance | 9,660 | |
| Prohibition | Thomas R. Woodard | 9,660 | |
| Prohibition | Lucy Green | 9,655 | |
| Prohibition | Curtis B. Hardesty | 9,653 | |
| Prohibition | Albert Stanley | 9,647 | |
| Communist | John Babrick | 2,187 | |
| Communist | Arthur Osborn | 2,157 | |
| Communist | Samuel Luther | 2,155 | |
| Communist | Leo Vancuren | 2,152 | |
| Communist | Floyd McCoy | 2,151 | |
| Communist | Clarence Strange | 2,151 | |
| Communist | Zilba A. Shook | 2,150 | |
| Communist | Garfield Mimms | 2,148 | |
| Communist | James N. Swain | 2,148 | |
| Communist | James H. Snider | 2,145 | |
| Communist | Sam Langford | 2,144 | |
| Communist | Joseph Chelich | 2,143 | |
| Communist | James E. Ewing | 2,143 | |
| Communist | David Howell | 2,138 | |
| Socialist Labor | Charles Ginsberg | 2,070 | |
| Socialist Labor | William P. Harnishfeger | 1,982 | |
| Socialist Labor | Stanko Jukich | 1,966 | |
| Socialist Labor | Orville Laughlin | 1,966 | |
| Socialist Labor | Ivan Nelson Ballinger | 1,956 | |
| Socialist Labor | Earl A. McCracken | 1,915 | |
| National | Ivan Richards | 1,645 | |
| National | Elizabeth Decker | 1,644 | |
| National | Kenneth E. Friend | 1,644 | |
| National | Lawrence Hammill | 1,643 | |
| National | Joe F. Green | 1,642 | |
| National | Charles L. Baxter | 1,641 | |
| National | Gilbert A. Dingman | 1,639 | |
| National | Charles A. Minor | 1,637 | |
| National | Charles Underwood | 1,636 | |
| National | Anna Ahlborn | 1,635 | |
| National | Henry O. Shaw | 1,635 | |
| National | Charles H. McManama | 1,627 | |
| National | Chauncey B. Reddick | 1,621 | |
| National | Henry J. Zahnd | 1,615 | |
Total votes
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≈1,576,927
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Results by county
| County | Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic |
Herbert Hoover Republican |
Normal Thomas Socialist |
Others | Margin | Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | ||
| Adams | 5,892 | 66.11% | 2,910 | 32.65% | 0 | 0.00% | 111 | 1.25% | 2,982 | 33.46% | 8,913 |
| Allen | 38,447 | 57.76% | 27,065 | 40.66% | 463 | 0.70% | 587 | 0.88% | 11,382 | 17.10% | 66,562 |
| Bartholomew | 7,533 | 54.05% | 6,015 | 43.16% | 270 | 1.94% | 120 | 0.86% | 1,518 | 10.89% | 13,938 |
| Benton | 3,496 | 58.43% | 2,433 | 40.67% | 17 | 0.28% | 37 | 0.62% | 1,063 | 17.77% | 5,983 |
| Blackford | 4,088 | 57.34% | 2,890 | 40.53% | 45 | 0.63% | 107 | 1.50% | 1,198 | 16.80% | 7,130 |
| Boone | 6,900 | 55.47% | 5,309 | 42.68% | 121 | 0.97% | 110 | 0.88% | 1,591 | 12.79% | 12,440 |
| Brown | 1,676 | 66.32% | 790 | 31.26% | 32 | 1.27% | 29 | 1.15% | 886 | 35.06% | 2,527 |
| Carroll | 4,866 | 55.30% | 3,853 | 43.79% | 15 | 0.17% | 65 | 0.74% | 1,013 | 11.51% | 8,799 |
| Cass | 10,987 | 57.08% | 7,980 | 41.46% | 137 | 0.71% | 144 | 0.75% | 3,007 | 15.62% | 19,248 |
| Clark | 9,501 | 61.21% | 5,881 | 37.89% | 81 | 0.52% | 59 | 0.38% | 3,620 | 23.32% | 15,522 |
| Clay | 8,151 | 58.99% | 5,343 | 38.67% | 190 | 1.38% | 134 | 0.97% | 2,808 | 20.32% | 13,818 |
| Clinton | 8,314 | 56.27% | 6,288 | 42.56% | 44 | 0.30% | 130 | 0.88% | 2,026 | 13.71% | 14,776 |
| Crawford | 3,272 | 59.19% | 2,175 | 39.35% | 22 | 0.40% | 59 | 1.07% | 1,097 | 19.84% | 5,528 |
| Daviess | 6,772 | 52.54% | 5,838 | 45.29% | 168 | 1.30% | 111 | 0.86% | 934 | 7.25% | 12,889 |
| Dearborn | 6,429 | 57.02% | 4,716 | 41.83% | 92 | 0.82% | 38 | 0.34% | 1,713 | 15.19% | 11,275 |
| Decatur | 5,437 | 53.31% | 4,646 | 45.56% | 37 | 0.36% | 78 | 0.76% | 791 | 7.76% | 10,198 |
| DeKalb | 7,235 | 55.74% | 5,590 | 43.06% | 61 | 0.47% | 95 | 0.73% | 1,645 | 12.67% | 12,981 |
| Delaware | 14,346 | 45.91% | 16,012 | 51.25% | 583 | 1.87% | 304 | 0.97% | -1,666 | -5.33% | 31,245 |
| Dubois | 7,547 | 75.50% | 2,357 | 23.58% | 73 | 0.73% | 19 | 0.19% | 5,190 | 51.92% | 9,996 |
| Elkhart | 14,885 | 50.34% | 13,826 | 46.76% | 501 | 1.69% | 354 | 1.20% | 1,059 | 3.58% | 29,566 |
| Fayette | 5,148 | 50.70% | 4,867 | 47.93% | 86 | 0.85% | 53 | 0.52% | 281 | 2.77% | 10,154 |
| Floyd | 10,497 | 57.83% | 7,333 | 40.40% | 210 | 1.16% | 113 | 0.62% | 3,164 | 17.43% | 18,153 |
| Fountain | 5,665 | 56.93% | 4,162 | 41.83% | 65 | 0.65% | 58 | 0.58% | 1,503 | 15.11% | 9,950 |
| Franklin | 4,704 | 63.06% | 2,687 | 36.02% | 27 | 0.36% | 41 | 0.55% | 2,017 | 27.04% | 7,459 |
| Fulton | 4,794 | 54.96% | 3,787 | 43.42% | 42 | 0.48% | 99 | 1.14% | 1,007 | 11.55% | 8,722 |
| Gibson | 9,162 | 57.76% | 6,237 | 39.32% | 167 | 1.05% | 297 | 1.87% | 2,925 | 18.44% | 15,863 |
| Grant | 13,390 | 51.58% | 11,398 | 43.90% | 735 | 2.83% | 438 | 1.69% | 1,992 | 7.67% | 25,961 |
| Greene | 8,845 | 55.51% | 6,397 | 40.15% | 514 | 3.23% | 177 | 1.11% | 2,448 | 15.36% | 15,933 |
| Hamilton | 5,999 | 44.85% | 7,100 | 53.08% | 96 | 0.72% | 181 | 1.35% | -1,101 | -8.23% | 13,376 |
| Hancock | 5,836 | 57.89% | 4,055 | 40.22% | 52 | 0.52% | 138 | 1.37% | 1,781 | 17.67% | 10,081 |
| Harrison | 5,128 | 58.25% | 3,553 | 40.36% | 21 | 0.24% | 102 | 1.16% | 1,575 | 17.89% | 8,804 |
| Hendricks | 5,293 | 48.93% | 5,317 | 49.15% | 99 | 0.92% | 108 | 1.00% | -24 | -0.22% | 10,817 |
| Henry | 8,255 | 47.66% | 8,430 | 48.67% | 225 | 1.30% | 409 | 2.36% | -175 | -1.01% | 17,319 |
| Howard | 10,541 | 50.81% | 9,257 | 44.62% | 607 | 2.93% | 339 | 1.63% | 1,284 | 6.19% | 20,744 |
| Huntington | 8,697 | 54.97% | 6,791 | 42.92% | 133 | 0.84% | 200 | 1.26% | 1,906 | 12.05% | 15,821 |
| Jackson | 7,882 | 65.22% | 3,996 | 33.06% | 114 | 0.94% | 94 | 0.78% | 3,886 | 32.15% | 12,086 |
| Jasper | 3,538 | 54.40% | 2,897 | 44.54% | 21 | 0.32% | 48 | 0.74% | 641 | 9.86% | 6,504 |
| Jay | 6,693 | 57.15% | 5,018 | 42.85% | 0 | 0.00% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,675 | 14.30% | 11,711 |
| Jefferson | 5,305 | 52.19% | 4,670 | 45.95% | 72 | 0.71% | 117 | 1.15% | 635 | 6.25% | 10,164 |
| Jennings | 3,603 | 53.64% | 3,020 | 44.96% | 40 | 0.60% | 54 | 0.80% | 583 | 8.68% | 6,717 |
| Johnson | 6,940 | 59.23% | 4,593 | 39.20% | 86 | 0.73% | 99 | 0.84% | 2,347 | 20.03% | 11,718 |
| Knox | 14,084 | 66.62% | 6,590 | 31.17% | 240 | 1.14% | 226 | 1.07% | 7,494 | 35.45% | 21,140 |
| Kosciusko | 7,475 | 50.54% | 7,063 | 47.75% | 85 | 0.57% | 168 | 1.14% | 412 | 2.79% | 14,791 |
| LaGrange | 3,261 | 56.03% | 2,461 | 42.29% | 21 | 0.36% | 77 | 1.32% | 800 | 13.75% | 5,820 |
| Lake | 46,060 | 50.34% | 42,596 | 46.56% | 1,474 | 1.61% | 1,362 | 1.49% | 3,464 | 3.79% | 91,492 |
| LaPorte | 14,890 | 57.28% | 10,739 | 41.31% | 242 | 0.93% | 124 | 0.48% | 4,151 | 15.97% | 25,995 |
| Lawrence | 8,215 | 49.07% | 8,314 | 49.66% | 121 | 0.72% | 91 | 0.54% | -99 | -0.59% | 16,741 |
| Madison | 22,069 | 52.72% | 18,803 | 44.92% | 600 | 1.43% | 388 | 0.93% | 3,266 | 7.80% | 41,860 |
| Marion | 106,661 | 50.15% | 98,256 | 46.20% | 5,325 | 2.50% | 2,422 | 1.14% | 8,405 | 3.95% | 212,664 |
| Marshall | 7,212 | 58.13% | 4,943 | 39.84% | 87 | 0.70% | 165 | 1.33% | 2,269 | 18.29% | 12,407 |
| Martin | 3,072 | 58.79% | 2,106 | 40.31% | 14 | 0.27% | 33 | 0.63% | 966 | 18.49% | 5,225 |
| Miami | 8,892 | 58.53% | 5,987 | 39.41% | 89 | 0.59% | 223 | 1.47% | 2,905 | 19.12% | 15,191 |
| Monroe | 8,478 | 51.39% | 7,759 | 47.03% | 169 | 1.02% | 91 | 0.55% | 719 | 4.36% | 16,497 |
| Montgomery | 8,077 | 54.93% | 6,417 | 43.64% | 80 | 0.54% | 130 | 0.88% | 1,660 | 11.29% | 14,704 |
| Morgan | 5,775 | 53.50% | 4,825 | 44.70% | 98 | 0.91% | 97 | 0.90% | 950 | 8.80% | 10,795 |
| Newton | 2,654 | 52.02% | 2,380 | 46.65% | 32 | 0.63% | 36 | 0.71% | 274 | 5.37% | 5,102 |
| Noble | 6,538 | 54.63% | 5,304 | 44.32% | 55 | 0.46% | 71 | 0.59% | 1,234 | 10.31% | 11,968 |
| Ohio | 1,288 | 55.88% | 997 | 43.25% | 6 | 0.26% | 14 | 0.61% | 291 | 12.62% | 2,305 |
| Orange | 4,844 | 51.06% | 4,561 | 48.08% | 34 | 0.36% | 48 | 0.51% | 283 | 2.98% | 9,487 |
| Owen | 3,639 | 58.35% | 2,423 | 38.86% | 108 | 1.73% | 66 | 1.06% | 1,216 | 19.50% | 6,236 |
| Parke | 4,703 | 53.06% | 3,926 | 44.29% | 146 | 1.65% | 89 | 1.00% | 777 | 8.77% | 8,864 |
| Perry | 5,053 | 60.46% | 3,253 | 38.93% | 33 | 0.39% | 18 | 0.22% | 1,800 | 21.54% | 8,357 |
| Pike | 4,547 | 57.33% | 3,193 | 40.26% | 85 | 1.07% | 106 | 1.34% | 1,354 | 17.07% | 7,931 |
| Porter | 5,542 | 48.69% | 5,631 | 49.47% | 157 | 1.38% | 52 | 0.46% | -89 | -0.78% | 11,382 |
| Posey | 5,641 | 65.26% | 2,876 | 33.27% | 55 | 0.64% | 72 | 0.83% | 2,765 | 31.99% | 8,644 |
| Pulaski | 3,286 | 58.25% | 2,226 | 39.46% | 20 | 0.35% | 109 | 1.93% | 1,060 | 18.79% | 5,641 |
| Putnam | 6,168 | 56.24% | 4,438 | 40.46% | 276 | 2.52% | 86 | 0.78% | 1,730 | 15.77% | 10,968 |
| Randolph | 6,223 | 47.27% | 6,509 | 49.44% | 73 | 0.55% | 361 | 2.74% | -286 | -2.17% | 13,166 |
| Ripley | 5,987 | 57.86% | 4,240 | 40.97% | 57 | 0.55% | 64 | 0.62% | 1,747 | 16.88% | 10,348 |
| Rush | 5,056 | 49.14% | 5,094 | 49.50% | 37 | 0.36% | 103 | 1.00% | -38 | -0.37% | 10,290 |
| St. Joseph | 38,026 | 55.46% | 28,198 | 41.13% | 1,798 | 2.62% | 541 | 0.79% | 9,828 | 14.33% | 68,563 |
| Scott | 2,240 | 55.89% | 1,722 | 42.96% | 14 | 0.35% | 32 | 0.80% | 518 | 12.92% | 4,008 |
| Shelby | 8,552 | 60.14% | 5,410 | 38.05% | 79 | 0.56% | 178 | 1.25% | 3,142 | 22.10% | 14,219 |
| Spencer | 5,422 | 57.06% | 4,014 | 42.24% | 17 | 0.18% | 50 | 0.53% | 1,408 | 14.82% | 9,503 |
| Starke | 3,420 | 56.91% | 2,449 | 40.75% | 75 | 1.25% | 66 | 1.10% | 971 | 16.16% | 6,010 |
| Steuben | 3,717 | 50.04% | 3,594 | 48.38% | 37 | 0.50% | 80 | 1.08% | 123 | 1.66% | 7,428 |
| Sullivan | 7,835 | 62.80% | 3,667 | 29.39% | 789 | 6.32% | 186 | 1.49% | 4,168 | 33.41% | 12,477 |
| Switzerland | 2,981 | 59.21% | 1,953 | 38.79% | 28 | 0.56% | 73 | 1.45% | 1,028 | 20.42% | 5,035 |
| Tippecanoe | 13,609 | 53.03% | 11,818 | 46.05% | 143 | 0.56% | 93 | 0.36% | 1,791 | 6.98% | 25,663 |
| Tipton | 4,898 | 56.15% | 3,680 | 42.19% | 63 | 0.72% | 82 | 0.94% | 1,218 | 13.96% | 8,723 |
| Union | 1,587 | 48.25% | 1,658 | 50.41% | 19 | 0.58% | 25 | 0.76% | -71 | -2.16% | 3,289 |
| Vanderburgh | 31,828 | 63.97% | 16,873 | 33.91% | 748 | 1.50% | 303 | 0.61% | 14,955 | 30.06% | 49,752 |
| Vermillion | 6,390 | 58.77% | 4,115 | 37.85% | 235 | 2.16% | 132 | 1.21% | 2,275 | 20.93% | 10,872 |
| Vigo | 25,886 | 57.29% | 18,310 | 40.52% | 557 | 1.23% | 434 | 0.96% | 7,576 | 16.77% | 45,187 |
| Wabash | 6,553 | 48.63% | 6,652 | 49.36% | 81 | 0.60% | 190 | 1.41% | -99 | -0.73% | 13,476 |
| Warren | 2,256 | 49.65% | 2,223 | 48.92% | 22 | 0.48% | 43 | 0.95% | 33 | 0.73% | 4,544 |
| Warrick | 5,409 | 59.53% | 3,429 | 37.74% | 67 | 0.74% | 181 | 1.99% | 1,980 | 21.79% | 9,086 |
| Washington | 4,809 | 58.78% | 3,316 | 40.53% | 24 | 0.29% | 32 | 0.39% | 1,493 | 18.25% | 8,181 |
| Wayne | 13,287 | 50.13% | 12,683 | 47.85% | 275 | 1.04% | 261 | 0.98% | 604 | 2.28% | 26,506 |
| Wells | 6,236 | 65.45% | 3,073 | 32.25% | 37 | 0.39% | 182 | 1.91% | 3,163 | 33.20% | 9,528 |
| White | 4,976 | 57.91% | 3,484 | 40.55% | 65 | 0.76% | 67 | 0.78% | 1,492 | 17.36% | 8,592 |
| Whitley | 5,058 | 57.13% | 3,471 | 39.21% | 32 | 0.36% | 292 | 3.30% | 1,587 | 17.93% | 8,853 |
| TOTAL | 862,054 | 54.67% | 677,184 | 42.94% | 21,388 | 1.36% | 16,301 | 1.03% | 184,870 | 11.72% | 1,576,927 |
Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic
- Allen
- Bartholomew
- Benton
- Blackford
- Boone
- Carroll
- Cass
- Clark
- Clay
- Clinton
- Crawford
- Daviess
- Dearborn
- Decatur
- DeKalb
- Elkhart
- Fayette
- Floyd
- Fountain
- Fulton
- Gibson
- Grant
- Greene
- Hancock
- Harrison
- Henry
- Howard
- Huntington
- Jackson
- Jasper
- Jay
- Jefferson
- Jennings
- Johnson
- Knox
- Kosciusko
- LaGrange
- Lake
- LaPorte
- Lawrence
- Madison
- Marion
- Marshall
- Martin
- Martin
- Miami
- Monroe
- Montgomery
- Morgan
- Newton
- Noble
- Ohio
- Orange
- Owen
- Parke
- Pike
- Posey
- Pulaski
- Putnam
- Ripley
- Rush
- Scott
- Shelby
- Spencer
- St. Joseph
- Starke
- Steuben
- Sullivan
- Switerzland
- Tippecanoe
- Tipton
- Union
- Vanderburgh
- Vermillion
- Vigo
- Warren
- Warrick
- Washington
- Wayne
- White
- Whitley
See also
Notes
References
- ^ Petersen 1963, p. 91.
- ^ Menendez 2009, p. 190.
- ^ Sullivan 2016.
- ^ Gause & Spencer 1928, p. 53.
- ^ Petersen 1963, pp. vii.
- ^ a b Indiana 1933, pp. 1, 469–70.
- ^ "Nationalists Again Name John Zahnd". Indianapolis Times. July 9, 1932.
- ^ Indiana 1933, p. 1,471.
Bibliography
- Gause, Fred C.; Spencer, William W., eds. (1928). Election Law of Indiana with Instructions to Voters and Election Officers. Fort Wayne: State Board of Election Commissioners.
- Indiana (1933). Year Book of the State of Indiana for the Year 1932. Indianapolis: Legislative Bureau.
- Menendez, Albert J. (2009). The Geography of Presidential Elections in the United States, 1868–2004. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company.
- Petersen, Svend (1963). A Statistical History of the American Presidential Elections. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Company. LCCN 62-21786.
- Sullivan, Robert David (June 29, 2016). "How the Red and Blue Map Evolved over the Past Century". America.