trudno

Old Polish

Etymology

    From trudny + -o. First attested in the beginning of the 15th century.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): (10th–15th CE) /trudnɔ/
    • IPA(key): (15th CE) /trudnɔ/

    Adverb

    trudno

    1. (attested in Lesser Poland) with difficulty
    2. cruelly, mercilessly
      Synonym: trudnie
    adjectives
    adverbs
    • trudnie
    nouns
    verbs

    Descendants

    • Polish: trudno
    • Silesian: trudno

    References

    • B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “trudno”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

    Polish

    Etymology

      Inherited from Old Polish trudno. By surface analysis, trudny +‎ -o. Compare Russian тру́дно (trúdno).

      Pronunciation

       
      • IPA(key): /ˈtrud.nɔ/
      • Audio:(file)
      • Rhymes: -udnɔ
      • Syllabification: trud‧no

      Adverb

      trudno (comparative trudniej, superlative najtrudniej)

      1. hard, with difficulty [with dative ‘for whom’ and o (+ accusative) ‘to come by what/whom’]
        Synonyms: ciężko, niełatwo, opornie, (dialectal) potrudno, (dialectal) z potrudna
        Antonyms: łatwo, nietrudno
        Chlorek ołowiu jest trudno rozpuszczalny w wodzie.Lead chloride is poorly soluble in water.
        Trudno powiedzieć.It's hard to say.
        Naprawdę trudno tu o pracę.It's really hard to get a job here.

      Interjection

      trudno

      1. (often with no) oh well, too bad; expresses acceptance of something unpleasant
        Synonym: cóż
        No trudno, będę musiała poprawić ten sprawdzian.Oh well, I'll have to retake that exam.

      Derived terms

      interjections
      • trudno i darmo
      verbs

      Trivia

      According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), trudno is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 22 times in scientific texts, 5 times in news, 23 times in essays, 25 times in fiction, and 46 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 121 times, making it the 498th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]

      References

      1. ^ Ida Kurcz (1990), “trudno”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language]‎[1] (in Polish), volume 2, Kraków; Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 610

      Further reading

      Serbo-Croatian

      Etymology

      From trȗd.

      Pronunciation

      • IPA(key): /trûːdno/
      • Hyphenation: trud‧no

      Adverb

      trȗdno (Cyrillic spelling тру̑дно)

      1. pregnantly

      References

      • trudno”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2026

      Silesian

      Etymology

        Inherited from Old Polish trudno. By surface analysis, trudny +‎ -o.

        Pronunciation

        • IPA(key): /ˈtrud.nɔ/
        • Audio:(file)
        • Rhymes: -udnɔ
        • Syllabification: trud‧no

        Adverb

        trudno

        1. with difficulty

        Further reading