lugeo

Latin

Etymology

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *lewǵ- (“to break, injure”) with a semantic shift to “be in pain” in the stative. Cognate with Ancient Greek λευγαλέος (leugaléos), λυγρός (lugrós), Sanskrit रुजति (rujati, “to break open, shatter, injure, cause pain”), Latvian lauzt (“to break, fracture”). Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *(s)lewg- (“to gulp, swallow, gasp”); compare Old Irish loingid (“to eat”) and Ancient Greek λύζω (lúzō, “to hiccup; to sob”), λυγγανώμενον (lunganṓmenon, “sobbing”), λυγμός (lugmós, “the hiccups”).[1] In either case it may be influenced by onomatopoeia.

Pronunciation

Verb

lūgeō (present infinitive lūgēre, perfect active lūxī, supine lūctum); second conjugation

  1. to mourn, lament, bewail, deplore
    Synonyms: dēplōrō, queror, conqueror, ingemō, gemō, plangō, plōrō, fleō
    • c. 84 BCE – 54 BCE, Catullus, Carmina 3.1:
      Lūgēte, ō Venerēs Cupīdinēsque
      Mourn, O Venuses and Cupids

Conjugation

   Conjugation of lūgeō (second conjugation)
indicative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present lūgeō lūgēs lūget lūgēmus lūgētis lūgent
imperfect lūgēbam lūgēbās lūgēbat lūgēbāmus lūgēbātis lūgēbant
future lūgēbō lūgēbis lūgēbit lūgēbimus lūgēbitis lūgēbunt
perfect lūxī lūxistī lūxit lūximus lūxistis lūxērunt,
lūxēre
pluperfect lūxeram lūxerās lūxerat lūxerāmus lūxerātis lūxerant
future perfect lūxerō lūxeris lūxerit lūxerimus lūxeritis lūxerint
passive present lūgeor lūgēris,
lūgēre 		lūgētur lūgēmur lūgēminī lūgentur
imperfect lūgēbar lūgēbāris,
lūgēbāre 		lūgēbātur lūgēbāmur lūgēbāminī lūgēbantur
future lūgēbor lūgēberis,
lūgēbere 		lūgēbitur lūgēbimur lūgēbiminī lūgēbuntur
perfect lūctus + present active indicative of sum
pluperfect lūctus + imperfect active indicative of sum
future perfect lūctus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive singular plural
first second third first second third
active present lūgeam lūgeās lūgeat lūgeāmus lūgeātis lūgeant
imperfect lūgērem lūgērēs lūgēret lūgērēmus lūgērētis lūgērent
perfect lūxerim lūxerīs lūxerit lūxerīmus lūxerītis lūxerint
pluperfect lūxissem lūxissēs lūxisset lūxissēmus lūxissētis lūxissent
passive present lūgear lūgeāris,
lūgeāre 		lūgeātur lūgeāmur lūgeāminī lūgeantur
imperfect lūgērer lūgērēris,
lūgērēre 		lūgērētur lūgērēmur lūgērēminī lūgērentur
perfect lūctus + present active subjunctive of sum
pluperfect lūctus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present — lūgē — — lūgēte —
future — lūgētō lūgētō — lūgētōte lūgentō
passive present — lūgēre — — lūgēminī —
future — lūgētor lūgētor — — lūgentor
non-finite forms infinitive participle
active passive active passive
present lūgēre lūgērī lūgēns —
future lūctūrum esse lūctum īrī lūctūrus lūgendus
perfect lūxisse lūctum esse — lūctus
future perfect — lūctum fore — —
perfect potential lūctūrum fuisse — — —
verbal nouns gerund supine
genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
lūgendī lūgendō lūgendum lūgendō lūctum lūctū

Derived terms

References

  1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “lūgeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 351

Further reading

  • “lugeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “lugeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • “lugeo”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
  • Kölligan, Daniel (2005), “Lat. lugēre ‘trauern’”, in International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction, volume 2, pages 169–175
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