foulen

Foul +‎ -en

• IPA^(key): /faʊ̯lən/

• Audio (Germany (Berlin)):

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• Homophone: faulen

foulen (weak, third-person singular present foult, past tense foulte, past participle gefoult, auxiliary haben)

1. (sports) to foul (to make contact with an opposing player in order to gain advantage)

• “foulen” in Duden online
• “foulen” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

Inherited from Old English fūlian, from Proto-West Germanic *fūlēn; by surface analysis, foul (“foul”) +‎ -en.

The "damage" sense may be a semantic loan from Old French fouler.

• foule
• fule (Early Middle English); fowle (Late Middle English)

• IPA^(key): /ˈfuːlən/

foulen (third-person singular simple present fouleth, present participle foulende, foulynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fouled)

1. (ambitransitive) To dirty or foul; to make or become dirty.

   Synonym: defoulen

2. (ambitransitive) To damage or destroy; to seriously harm:

   Synonym: defoulen

   1. To pollute or defile; to make unclean or impure.

      Synonym: defoulen

   2. (rare) To disfigure or mutilate; to damage something's appearance.

      Synonym: defoulen

3. (intransitive, rare) To defecate; to deposit feces.

• English: foul

• “fǒulen, v.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Inherited from Old English fuglian, fugelian, from Proto-West Germanic *fuglōn; by surface analysis, foul (“bird”) +‎ -en.

• fowle (Late Middle English); ffewle (Catholicon Anglicum); fowlyn (Promptorium Parvulorum)

• IPA^(key): /ˈfuːlən/

foulen (third-person singular simple present fouleth, present participle foulende, foulynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fouled)

1. (ambitransitive) To fowl; to hunt birds.

• English: fowl

• “fǒulen, v.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.