Swahili
Etymology
From duni + -isha (causative affix).
Verb
-dunisha (infinitive kudunisha)
- Causative form of duni: to belittle, put down, debase, degrade, humiliate
Conjugation
| Conjugation of -dunisha
|
| Positive present
|
-nadunisha
|
| Subjunctive
|
-dunishe
|
| Negative
|
-dunishi
|
| Imperative singular
|
dunisha
|
|
| Infinitives
|
|
|
| Imperatives
|
| Singular
|
dunisha
|
| Plural
|
dunisheni
|
|
| Tensed forms
|
| Habitual
|
hudunisha
|
| Positive past
|
positive subject concord + -lidunisha
|
| Negative past
|
negative subject concord + -kudunisha
|
|
| Positive present (positive subject concord + -nadunisha)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
ninadunisha/nadunisha
|
tunadunisha
|
| 2nd person
|
unadunisha
|
mnadunisha
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
anadunisha
|
wanadunisha
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -nadunisha
|
|
| Negative present (negative subject concord + -dunishi)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
sidunishi
|
hatudunishi
|
| 2nd person
|
hudunishi
|
hamdunishi
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
hadunishi
|
hawadunishi
|
| other classes
|
negative subject concord + -dunishi
|
|
| Positive future
|
positive subject concord + -tadunisha
|
| Negative future
|
negative subject concord + -tadunisha
|
|
| Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -dunishe)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
nidunishe
|
tudunishe
|
| 2nd person
|
udunishe
|
mdunishe
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
adunishe
|
wadunishe
|
| other classes
|
positive subject concord + -dunishe
|
|
| Negative subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -sidunishe
|
| Positive present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngedunisha
|
| Negative present conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singedunisha
|
| Positive past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -ngalidunisha
|
| Negative past conditional
|
positive subject concord + -singalidunisha
|
|
| Gnomic (positive subject concord + -adunisha)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
nadunisha
|
twadunisha
|
| 2nd person
|
wadunisha
|
mwadunisha
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
adunisha
|
wadunisha
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
wadunisha
|
yadunisha
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
ladunisha
|
yadunisha
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
chadunisha
|
vyadunisha
|
| n(IX/X)
|
yadunisha
|
zadunisha
|
| u(XI)
|
wadunisha
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
kwadunisha
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
padunisha
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
mwadunisha
|
|
|
| Perfect
|
positive subject concord + -medunisha
|
| "Already"
|
positive subject concord + -meshadunisha
|
| "Not yet"
|
negative subject concord + -jadunisha
|
| "If/When"
|
positive subject concord + -kidunisha
|
| "If not"
|
positive subject concord + -sipodunisha
|
| Consecutive
|
kadunisha / positive subject concord + -kadunisha
|
| Consecutive subjunctive
|
positive subject concord + -kadunishe
|
|
| Object concord (indicative positive)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| 1st person
|
-nidunisha
|
-tudunisha
|
| 2nd person
|
-kudunisha
|
-wadunisha/-kudunisheni/-wadunisheni
|
| 3rd person
|
m-wa(I/II)
|
-mdunisha
|
-wadunisha
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-udunisha
|
-idunisha
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lidunisha
|
-yadunisha
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-kidunisha
|
-vidunisha
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-idunisha
|
-zidunisha
|
| u(XI)
|
-udunisha
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kudunisha
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-padunisha
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-mudunisha
|
|
| Reflexive
|
-jidunisha
|
|
| Relative forms
|
| General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -dunisha- + relative marker)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-dunishaye
|
-dunishao
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-dunishao
|
-dunishayo
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-dunishalo
|
-dunishayo
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-dunishacho
|
-dunishavyo
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-dunishayo
|
-dunishazo
|
| u(XI)
|
-dunishao
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-dunishako
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-dunishapo
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-dunishamo
|
|
|
| Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -dunisha)
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| m-wa(I/II)
|
-yedunisha
|
-odunisha
|
| m-mi(III/IV)
|
-odunisha
|
-yodunisha
|
| ji-ma(V/VI)
|
-lodunisha
|
-yodunisha
|
| ki-vi(VII/VIII)
|
-chodunisha
|
-vyodunisha
|
| n(IX/X)
|
-yodunisha
|
-zodunisha
|
| u(XI)
|
-odunisha
|
see n(X) or ma(VI) class
|
| ku(XV/XVII)
|
-kodunisha
|
|
| pa(XVI)
|
-podunisha
|
|
| mu(XVIII)
|
-modunisha
|
|
|
|
| Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.
|
Derived terms