cúl

See also: Appendix:Variations of "cul"

Irish

Etymology

From Old Irish cúl,[1] from Proto-Celtic *kūlos, from Proto-Indo-European *kuH-l-, from *(s)kewH- (“to cover”). Cognate with Welsh cil and Latin cūlus.

Pronunciation

Noun

cúl m (genitive singular cúil, nominative plural cúil)

  1. behind
  2. back
  3. (sports) goal
    Synonym: báire
    1. (score gained)
    2. (target area)
      Synonym: góraí
  4. tail

Declension

Declension of cúl (first declension)
bare forms
singular plural
nominative cúl cúil
vocative a chúil a chúla
genitive cúil cúl
dative cúl cúil
forms with the definite article
singular plural
nominative an cúl na cúil
genitive an chúil na gcúl
dative leis an gcúl
don chúl 		leis na cúil
  • Alternative plural: cúla (used in certain phrases)

Derived terms

Descendants

  • →⇒ Yola: cowlee

Verb

cúl (present analytic cúlann, future analytic cúlfaidh, verbal noun cúladh, past participle cúlta)

  1. alternative form of cúlaigh

Conjugation

Conjugation of cúl (first conjugation – A)
indicative singular plural direct relative autonomous
first second third first second third
present cúlaim cúlann tú;
cúlair† 		cúlann sé, sí cúlaimid; cúlann muid cúlann sibh cúlann siad;
cúlaid† 		a chúlann; a chúlas cúltar
past chúl mé; chúlas chúl tú; chúlais chúl sé, sí chúlamar; chúl muid chúl sibh; chúlabhair chúl siad; chúladar a chúl cúladh
past habitual chúlainn /
cúlainn‡ 		chúltá /
cúltᇠ		chúladh sé, sí /
cúladh sé, sí‡ 		chúlaimis; chúladh muid /
cúlaimis‡; cúladh muid‡ 		chúladh sibh /
cúladh sibh‡ 		chúlaidís; chúladh siad /
cúlaidís‡; cúladh siad‡ 		a chúladh chúltaí /
cúltaí‡
singular plural direct relative autonomous
first second third first second third
future cúlfaidh mé;
cúlfad 		cúlfaidh tú;
cúlfair† 		cúlfaidh sé, sí cúlfaimid;
cúlfaidh muid 		cúlfaidh sibh cúlfaidh siad;
cúlfaid† 		a chúlfaidh; a chúlfas cúlfar
conditional chúlfainn /
cúlfainn‡ 		chúlfá /
cúlfᇠ		chúlfadh sé, sí /
cúlfadh sé, sí‡ 		chúlfaimis; chúlfadh muid /
cúlfaimis‡; cúlfadh muid‡ 		chúlfadh sibh /
cúlfadh sibh‡ 		chúlfaidís; chúlfadh siad /
cúlfaidís‡; cúlfadh siad‡ 		a chúlfadh chúlfaí /
cúlfaí‡
subjunctive singular plural direct relative autonomous
first second third first second third
present go gcúla mé;
go gcúlad† 		go gcúla tú;
go gcúlair† 		go gcúla sé, sí go gcúlaimid;
go gcúla muid 		go gcúla sibh go gcúla siad;
go gcúlaid† 		— go gcúltar
past dá gcúlainn dá gcúltá dá gcúladh sé, sí dá gcúlaimis;
dá gcúladh muid 		dá gcúladh sibh dá gcúlaidís;
dá gcúladh siad 		— dá gcúltaí
imperative singular plural direct relative autonomous
first second third first second third
— cúlaim cúl cúladh sé, sí cúlaimis cúlaigí;
cúlaidh† 		cúlaidís — cúltar
past participle cúlta
verbal noun cúladh

† archaic or dialect form
‡ dependent form

Mutation

Mutated forms of cúl
radical lenition eclipsis
cúl chúl gcúl

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

  1. ^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “cúl”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
  2. ^ “cúl”, in Irish Pronunciation Database, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013–2026
  3. ^ Finck, F. N. (1899), Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), Zweiter Band: Wörterbuch [Second volume: Dictionary], Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 166
  4. ^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906), A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 410, page 135

Further reading

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *kūlos, from Proto-Indo-European *kuH-l-, from *(s)kewH- (“to cover”). Cognate with Welsh cil and Latin cūlus.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈkuːl/

Noun

cúl m (genitive cúil, nominative plural cúil)

  1. back
  2. rear

Inflection

Masculine o-stem
singular dual plural
nominative cúl cúlL cúilL
vocative cúil cúlL cúluH
accusative cúlN cúlL cúluH
genitive cúilL cúl cúlN
dative cúlL cúlaib cúlaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
  • H = triggers aspiration
  • L = triggers lenition
  • N = triggers nasalization

Derived terms

  • íarcúl

Descendants

  • Irish: cúl
  • Manx: cooyl
  • Scottish Gaelic: cùl

Mutation

Mutation of cúl
radical lenition nasalization
cúl chúl cúl
pronounced with /ɡ-/

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

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