Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/handulōn

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *handulōną.

Verb

*handulōn^[1]

to handle

Inflection

Class 2 weak
Infinitive	*handulōn
1st sg. past	*handulōdā
Infinitive	*handulōn
Genitive infin.	*handulōnijas
Dative infin.	*handulōnijē
Instrum. infin.	*handulōniju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*handulō	*handulōdā
2nd singular	*handulōs	handulōdēs, handulōdōs
3rd singular	*handulōþ	handulōdē, handulōdā
1st plural	*handulōm	*handulōdum
2nd plural	*handulōþ	*handulōdud
3rd plural	*handulōnþ	*handulōdun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*handulō	*handulōdī
2nd singular	*handulōs	*handulōdī
3rd singular	*handulō	*handulōdī
1st plural	*handulōm	*handulōdīm
2nd plural	*handulōþ	*handulōdīd
3rd plural	*handulōn	*handulōdīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*handulō
Plural	*handulōþ
	Present	Past
Participle	*handulōndī	*handulōd

Derived terms

*handulungu

Descendants

Old English: handlian
- Middle English: handlen
  - Scots: handil
  - English: handle
    - → Dutch: handelen
    - → German: händeln, handeln
Old Frisian: handelia, hondelia
- Saterland Frisian: hondelje
- West Frisian: handelje, hannelje
Old Saxon: handlōn
- Middle Low German: handelen
  - German Low German: handeln, hanneln
  - Plautdietsch: haundlen
Old Dutch: *handalon
- Middle Dutch: handelen
  - Dutch: handelen
    - Afrikaans: handel
    - Negerhollands: handel
    - → Caribbean Javanese: andel
  - Limburgish: hanjele
Old High German: hantalōn
- Middle High German: handeln
  - German: handeln
    - → Luxembourgish: handelen
  - Yiddish: האַנדלען (handlen)

References

^ Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 131: “PWGmc *handulōn”

[1] Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 131: “PWGmc *handulōn”

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