Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/handulōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *handuz (“hand”) +‎ *-lōną (frequentive suffix).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxɑnd.lɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*handulōną

to take or hold in the hand, seize, grip

Inflection

Conjugation of *handlōną (weak class 2)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*handlō	*handlǭ	—	*handlōi	?
2nd singular	*handlōsi	*handlōs	*handlō	*handlōsai	*handlōsau
3rd singular	*handlōþi	*handlō	*handlōþau	*handlōþai	*handlōþau
1st dual	*handlōs	*handlōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*handlōþiz	*handlōþiz	*handlōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*handlōmaz	*handlōm	—	*handlōnþai	*handlōnþau
2nd plural	*handlōþ	*handlōþ	*handlōþ	*handlōnþai	*handlōnþau
3rd plural	*handlōnþi	*handlōn	*handlōnþau	*handlōnþai	*handlōnþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*handlōdǭ	*handlōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*handlōdēz	*handlōdēdīz
3rd singular	*handlōdē	*handlōdēdī
1st dual	*handlōdēdū	*handlōdēdīw
2nd dual	*handlōdēdudiz	*handlōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*handlōdēdum	*handlōdēdīm
2nd plural	*handlōdēdud	*handlōdēdīd
3rd plural	*handlōdēdun	*handlōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*handlōndz	*handlōdaz

Alternative reconstructions

*handlōną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *handulōn
- Old English: handlian
  - Middle English: handlen
    - Scots: handil
    - English: handle
      - → Dutch: handelen
      - → German: händeln, handeln
- Old Frisian: handelia, hondelia
  - Saterland Frisian: hondelje
  - West Frisian: handelje, hannelje
- Old Saxon: handlōn
  - Middle Low German: handelen
    - German Low German: handeln, hanneln
    - Plautdietsch: haundlen
- Old Dutch: *handalon
  - Middle Dutch: handelen
    - Dutch: handelen
      - Afrikaans: handel
      - Negerhollands: handel
      - → Caribbean Javanese: andel
    - Limburgish: hanjele
- Old High German: hantalōn
  - Middle High German: handeln
    - German: handeln
      - → Luxembourgish: handelen
    - Yiddish: האַנדלען (handlen)
Old Norse: handla, hǫndla
- Icelandic: höndla
- Norn: hanjdla
- Faroese: handla
- Norwegian: handle
- Old Swedish: handla
  - Swedish: handla
- Danish: handle

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003), “*xanđlōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 159

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003), “*xanđlōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 159

[1]