Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/haldan

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *haldaną.

Verb

*haldan^[1]

to hold
to keep

Inflection

Strong class 7c
Infinitive	*haldan
1st sg. past	*heald
3rd pl. past	*healdun
Past ptcple	*haldan
Infinitive	*haldan
Genitive infin.	*haldannjas
Dative infin.	*haldannjē
Instrum. infin.	*haldannju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*haldu	*heald
2nd singular	*haldiʀi	*healdī
3rd singular	*haldidi	*heald
1st plural	*haldum	*healdum
2nd plural	*haldid	*healdud
3rd plural	*haldand	*healdun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*haldē	*healdī
2nd singular	*haldēs	*healdī
3rd singular	*haldē	*healdī
1st plural	*haldēm	*healdīm
2nd plural	*haldēþ	*healdīd
3rd plural	*haldēn	*healdīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*hald
Plural	*haldid
	Present	Past
Participle	*haldandī	*haldan

Descendants

Old English: healdan, haldan — Anglian
- Middle English: holden, halden, halde, halt
  - English: hold
  - Geordie: ha'd
  - Scots: hald, hauld, haud, had
  - Yola: houle
Old Frisian: halda
- Saterland Frisian: hoolde
- West Frisian: hâlde
Old Saxon: haldan
- Middle Low German: halden, hōlden
  - Low German: hallen, halden (Paderbornisch); holen, holden, hollen, hooln
  - Plautdietsch: hoolen
Old Dutch: haldan
- Middle Dutch: houden, halden, holden
  - Dutch: houden, (informal) houwen, houen
    - Afrikaans: hou
    - Berbice Creole Dutch: hau
    - Negerhollands: hou, how
    - Skepi Creole Dutch: how, ow
    - → Antillean Creole: béc aou (Martinique)
  - Limburgish: haaje
Old High German: haltan
- Middle High German: halten, halden
  - Bavarian: hoiten
  - Cimbrian: haltan, haltn (Luserna)
  - German: halten
  - Luxembourgish: halen
  - Yiddish: האַלטן (haltn)

References

^ Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 184: “PWGmc *haldan”

[1] Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 184: “PWGmc *haldan”

[1]