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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From *goře (“sorrow, grief”) + *-ьkъ.[1]
Adjective
*gȍrьkъ[1][2][3]
- bitter (for taste)
- (figurative) sorrowful (for situation, emotion)
Declension
Indefinite declension of *gorьkъ (hard)
| singular
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
neuter
|
| nominative
|
*gorьkъ
|
*gorьka
|
*gorьko
|
| genitive
|
*gorьka
|
*gorьky
|
*gorьka
|
| dative
|
*gorьku
|
*gorьkě
|
*gorьku
|
| accusative
|
*gorьkъ
|
*gorьkǫ
|
*gorьko
|
| instrumental
|
*gorьkomь
|
*gorьkojǫ
|
*gorьkomь
|
| locative
|
*gorьkě
|
*gorьkě
|
*gorьkě
|
| vocative
|
*gorьke
|
*gorьko
|
*gorьko
|
| dual
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
neuter
|
| nominative
|
*gorьka
|
*gorьkě
|
*gorьkě
|
| genitive
|
*gorьku
|
*gorьku
|
*gorьku
|
| dative
|
*gorьkoma
|
*gorьkama
|
*gorьkoma
|
| accusative
|
*gorьka
|
*gorьkě
|
*gorьkě
|
| instrumental
|
*gorьkoma
|
*gorьkama
|
*gorьkoma
|
| locative
|
*gorьku
|
*gorьku
|
*gorьku
|
| vocative
|
*gorьka
|
*gorьkě
|
*gorьkě
|
| plural
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
neuter
|
| nominative
|
*gorьki
|
*gorьky
|
*gorьka
|
| genitive
|
*gorьkъ
|
*gorьkъ
|
*gorьkъ
|
| dative
|
*gorьkomъ
|
*gorьkamъ
|
*gorьkomъ
|
| accusative
|
*gorьky
|
*gorьky
|
*gorьka
|
| instrumental
|
*gorьky
|
*gorьkami
|
*gorьky
|
| locative
|
*gorьkěxъ
|
*gorьkaxъ
|
*gorьkěxъ
|
| vocative
|
*gorьki
|
*gorьky
|
*gorьka
|
Definite declension of *gorьkъ (hard)
| singular
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
neuter
|
| nominative
|
*gorьkъjь
|
*gorьkaja
|
*gorьkoje
|
| genitive
|
*gorьkajego
|
*gorьkyję̇
|
*gorьkajego
|
| dative
|
*gorьkujemu
|
*gorьkěji
|
*gorьkujemu
|
| accusative
|
*gorьkъjь
|
*gorьkǫjǫ
|
*gorьkoje
|
| instrumental
|
*gorьkyjimь
|
*gorьkǫjǫ
|
*gorьkyjimь
|
| locative
|
*gorьkějemь
|
*gorьkěji
|
*gorьkějemь
|
| vocative
|
*gorьkъjь
|
*gorьkaja
|
*gorьkoje
|
| dual
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
neuter
|
| nominative
|
*gorьkaja
|
*gorьkěji
|
*gorьkěji
|
| genitive
|
*gorьkuju
|
*gorьkuju
|
*gorьkuju
|
| dative
|
*gorьkyjima
|
*gorьkyjima
|
*gorьkyjima
|
| accusative
|
*gorьkaja
|
*gorьkěji
|
*gorьkěji
|
| instrumental
|
*gorьkyjima
|
*gorьkyjima
|
*gorьkyjima
|
| locative
|
*gorьkuju
|
*gorьkuju
|
*gorьkuju
|
| vocative
|
*gorьkaja
|
*gorьkěji
|
*gorьkěji
|
| plural
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
neuter
|
| nominative
|
*gorьkiji
|
*gorьkyję̇
|
*gorьkaja
|
| genitive
|
*gorьkъjixъ
|
*gorьkъjixъ
|
*gorьkъjixъ
|
| dative
|
*gorьkyjimъ
|
*gorьkyjimъ
|
*gorьkyjimъ
|
| accusative
|
*gorьkyję̇
|
*gorьkyję̇
|
*gorьkaja
|
| instrumental
|
*gorьkyjimi
|
*gorьkyjimi
|
*gorьkyjimi
|
| locative
|
*gorьkyjixъ
|
*gorьkyjixъ
|
*gorьkyjixъ
|
| vocative
|
*gorьkiji
|
*gorьkyję̇
|
*gorьkaja
|
Derived terms
- *gorьčica (“bitter appetizer”)
- *gorьčivъ (“bitter”)
- *gorěti (“to burn”)
- *žarъkъ (“fervent, scorching”)
- *gořьjь (“worse”) (technically the comparative degree of *gȍrьkъ)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: горькъ (gorĭkŭ)
- Macedonian: горок (gorok) (rare)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic script: го́рак
- Latin script: górak
- Slovene: górək, gorák (tonal orthography)
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “го́рький”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gorьkъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 55
- Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “горък”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 266
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Derksen, Rick (2008), “*gorьkъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 180: “adj. o (c) ‘bitter’”
- ^ Olander, Thomas (2001), “gor(ъkъ)”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c bitter (PR 138)”
- ^ Snoj, Marko (2016), “górek”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “*gȍrьkъ”