Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/m-sin

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *msyin (Coblin, 1986)
  • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *m-sin (Matisoff, STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Chou, 1972; French, 1983; Weidert, 1987; LaPolla, 1987); *m-sin (*B) (Coblin, 1986)

*m-sin

1. liver
2. bitter
3. bile

• Old Chinese: 辛 (xīn) /*sin/ (B-S), /*siŋ/ (ZS) ("pungent (in taste)")
  • Middle Chinese: 辛 (xīn) /siɪn/

    → Japanese: 辛 (しん, ​shin)
    Korean: 신 (辛, sin)
    Vietnamese: tân (辛)

    • Modern Mandarin
      • Beijing: 辛 (xīn) (xīn, /ɕin⁵⁵/)
• Bodish
  • Tibetic
    • Sikkimese: མཆེན་པོ (mchen po, “liver”)
    • Tibetan: མཆིན (mchin, “liver”), མཆིན་པ (mchin pa, “liver; midriff, diaphragm”)
• Western Himalayish
  • Gahri: [script needed] (chinpa)
  • Chaudangsi: tɕiŋ
  • Kanauri: śin
  • Rongpo: chinpa
• Tamangish
  • Manang: cin² ba²
• rGyalrongic
  • West rGyalrongic
    • Tangut: 𗮰 (*sji²)
  • East rGyalrongic
    • Japhug: tɯ-mtshi
• Ersuic
  • Ersu: nca (/⁠ntsʰɑ⁵⁵⁠/)
• Qiangic
  • Pumi
    • Northern Pumi: tsu³⁵
    • Southern Pumi: tsyɛ̃⁵⁵
  • Qiang
    • Northern Qiang: si
    • Southern Qiang: sie⁵⁵
  • Queyu: ze¹³
  • Zhaba sei³³
• Naic
  • Namuyi: [Term?] (/⁠si⁵⁵⁠/)
  • Shixing: [Term?] (/⁠suə̃⁵⁵⁠/)
  • Proto-Naish: *seɣ
    • Naxi: serl (/⁠sɚ⁵⁵⁠/)
    • Narua: seeq (/⁠si˩˥⁠/)
    • Laze: [Term?] (/⁠si˧⁠/)
• Proto-Lolo-Burmese: *(t)sin¹ (Matisoff, 2003)
  • Burmish
    • Burmese: သည်း (sany:, “liver”) (> အသည်း (a.sany:, “liver”))
    • Achang: a³¹ ʂəŋ³¹
    • Pela: saŋ³⁵
    • Hpon: ăʃaìŋ
    • Zaiwa: siŋ²¹
    • Lhao Vo: sang
  • Proto-Loloish: *(ʃ)-sin² (Bradley, 1979)
    • Northern Loloish
      • Yi (Liangshan): ꌌ (sip, “liver”)
      • Xishanba Lalo: sì-tsé
      • Nasu: sɿ⁵⁵
      • Wumeng: ʂer²¹
      • Nusu: sʰɐ⁵⁵
    • Central Loloish
      • Lisu (Southern): ꓢꓲꓽ (sɨ̀, “liver”), sometimes also ꓫꓵꓽ (ʃɨ̀, “liver”)
      • Lipo: sɿ²¹ tha²¹
      • Sani: sé
      • Jinuo: tsʰɯ³¹ na³¹
      • Kucong: a³¹ sɔ³⁵
      • Lahu: ɔ³¹ sɛ³¹
      • Lisu: si³¹
    • Southern Loloish
      • Bisu: aŋ tshiŋ
      • Hani: tshɔ³¹
      • Mpi: ʔɑ² thɯ²
      • Phunoi: ʔã́ sìn
      • Pyen: ʔa³³ chin³¹
      • Gong: ho̩ŋ sɤ̩́ŋ
    • Southeastern Loloish
      • Azha: i³³ sɛ²²
      • Southern Muji: ɛ²¹ χa⁵⁵ ʨʰi²¹
• Nungish
  • Anong: bɯ³¹ ɕin⁵⁵
  • Drung: pvshin (/⁠pɯ³¹ ɕin⁵⁵⁠/)
  • Rawang: mvshøn (/⁠mə ʃɯn³³⁠/)
• Proto-Karen: *swɨnᴮ (Luangthongkum, 2013)
  • S'gaw Karen: သူၣ် (thoò, “liver”)
  • Western Kayah: ꤞꤣ꤭ (thōe, “liver”)
  • Northern Pwo: sɑ̃³³
  • Eastern Pwo: ə̆ θə̃¹
  • Western Pwo: ə̆ θə̃⁴
• Proto-Kuki-Chin: *thin
  • Northern Chin
    • Tedim: sʻɪn⁴
    • Sizang chin
  • Central Chin
    • Mizo: thin (“liver; heart”)
    • Lai: thǐn
    • Falam Chin: tʻɪn⁴
  • Southern Chin
    • Chinbon Chin: m̩tʰiːn
    • Daai Chin: m̩tʰin
    • Nga La: n̩tʰin
  • Maraic
    • Lutuv: pathiy
    • Zotung Chin: tʻĩ¹
• Jingpho-Asakian
  • Jingpho: sin (“liver”), masin (“heart, mind”)
  • Asakian
    • Sak: áŋsiŋ
    • Ganan: ăsʻɛ̃¹
• Proto-Central Naga: *m-sən
  • Ao: temesen
  • Lotha Naga: nthen
  • Sangtam Naga: müsi
• Zemeic
  • Zeme Naga: [Term?] (/⁠³mi ¹n ⁵ceu⁠/)
  • Rongmei Naga: [Term?] (/⁠məi thìn⁠/)
• Tangkhulic
  • Tangkhul Naga: amathin
• Newaric
  • Newar: स्येँ (syẽ)
• Greater Magaric
  • Chepang: सीन्‍ह्
• Kho-Bwa
  • Proto-Puroik: *a-pjin̄
  • Proto-Western Kho-Bwa: *a-pʰʲin, *sʲa-pʰʲin
• Karbi: ingthin

• *b-ka-(n/m/ŋ) (“liver, bile, bitter”)