Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/trozeō
Proto-Italic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *tros-éye-ti, a causative made to the root *tres- (“to tremble”).[1]
Verb
*trozeō
Reconstruction notes
The term may have underwent a—possibly post-Proto-Italic—development from *trozeō into *tṛseō, whence perhaps Latin terreō via the same development seen in tertius, itself possibly from earlier Proto-Indo-European *tritós.
Latin and Umbrian display special phonetic developments in this verb.
- Latin has the syncopation of the vowel between rhotic and sibilant with subsequent e-insertion. This development more commonly occurs word-finally, e.g. from *ātros (“black”) to āter and *agros (“field”) to ager.
- Umbrian is more difficult to explain. It shares the same post-rhotic syncope and e-insertion process as Latin (see ager, from *agros), making the -u- in Umbrian awkward.
- This does not deter De Vaan, however, from claiming that the u (< Proto-Sabellic *-o-) was inserted after post-rhotic syncope instead of expected -e-.
- Nussbaum and Onishi try to derive the Umbrian verb from the zero-grade of the root, which suffers from breaking the morphological norm of causative/iterative verbs taking o-grade in Indo-European. Additionally, this isolates Latin terreō, as one would expect torreō (which coincidentally exists in Latin as a completely unrelated verb) from the zero-grade.
- Kölligan argues that the Umbrian term acquired the o-grade due to the influence of 𐌕𐌖𐌓𐌔𐌄 (turse)[2]
Conjugation
| Inflection of *trozeō (second conjugation causative) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Present | *trozeō | |
| Perfect | — | |
| Aorist | — | |
| Past participle | *trozetos | |
| Present indicative | Active | Passive |
| 1st sing. | *trozeō | *trozeōr |
| 2nd sing. | *trozēs | *trozēzo |
| 3rd sing. | *trozēt | *trozētor |
| 1st plur. | *trozēmos | *trozēmor |
| 2nd plur. | *trozētes | *trozēm(e?)n(ai?) |
| 3rd plur. | *trozeont | *trozeontor |
| Present subjunctive | Active | Passive |
| 1st sing. | *trozeām | *trozeār |
| 2nd sing. | *trozeās | *trozeāzo |
| 3rd sing. | *trozeād | *trozeātor |
| 1st plur. | *trozeāmos | *trozeāmor |
| 2nd plur. | *trozeātes | *trozeām(e?)n(ai?) |
| 3rd plur. | *trozeānd | *trozeāntor |
| Perfect indicative | Active | |
| 1st sing. | — | |
| 2nd sing. | — | |
| 3rd sing. | — | |
| 1st plur. | — | |
| 2nd plur. | — | |
| 3rd plur. | — | |
| Aorist indicative | Active | |
| 1st sing. | — | |
| 2nd sing. | — | |
| 3rd sing. | — | |
| 1st plur. | — | |
| 2nd plur. | — | |
| 3rd plur. | — | |
| Present imperative | Active | Passive |
| 2nd sing. | *trozē | *trozēzo |
| 2nd plur. | *trozēte | — |
| Future imperative | Active | |
| 2nd + 3rd sing. | *trozētōd | |
| Participles | Present | Past |
| *trozēnts | *trozetos | |
| Verbal nouns | tu-derivative | s-derivative |
| *trozetum | *trozēzi | |
Related terms
- *torsā (“fright”)
- Umbrian: 𐌕𐌖𐌓𐌔𐌄 (turse)
Descendants
References
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “terreō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 617
- ^ Daniel Kölligan (2007), Coulter George, Matthew McCullagh, Benedicte Nielsen, Antonia Ruppel, editor, Iteratives and Causatives in Latin: A Unified Approach[1], Cambridge: The Cambridge Philological Society, →ISBN, page 63