Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/sokjos

This Proto-Italic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Italic

Etymology

    Ultimately derived from the root *sekʷ- (“to follow”), though the exact evolution of the term is unclear.

    Sanskrit सखि (sakhi) and Proto-Iranian *háxā likely reflect a Proto-Indo-European oi-stem noun *sokʷh₂ṓy (“follower”), which may itself derive from a noun of the shape *sokʷ-h₂.[1] According to the linguist Anthony Yates, it is possible that that the term *sokʷh₂ṓy could have been thematicized into a form *sokʷyo-, with the loss of the laryngeal due to the effects of Pinault's Law.[2][3] It is possible that this thematicized term may have yielded both Proto-Germanic *sagjaz and Proto-Italic *sokjos.[4][5] De Vaan, however, suggests that it is not certain whether the Latin and Germanic forms are derived from the same *h₂-stem noun due to the absence of the laryngeal. Regardless, de Vaan still accepts the reconstruction *sokʷ(h₂)-i-o- as the immediate pre-form of the Latin term, though he suggests it cannot be conclusively determined whether it is an adjective meaning "following" or a noun meaning "companion."[6]

    Noun

    *sokjos m[6]

    1. companion

    Declension

    Declension of *sokjos (o-stem)
    singular plural
    nominative *sokjos *sokjōs, sokjoi
    vocative *sokje *sokjōs, sokjoi
    accusative *sokjom *sokjons
    genitive *sokjosjo, sokjī *sokjom
    dative *sokjōi *sokjois
    ablative *sokjōd *sokjois
    locative *sokjei *sokjois

    Descendants

    The masculine and feminine counterparts will be treated together in this section. De Vaan does not acknowledge the adjective.

    • Latin: socius, socia
    • Faliscan: 𐌔𐌏𐌂𐌉𐌀𐌉 (sociai, “female companion, girlfriend”, dat. sg. f. and voc. pl. f.)

    References

    1. ^ Yates, Anthony D. (1 August 2025), “The Anatolian reflexes of Indo-European τομή-, φυγή-, τόμος-, and τομός-type nominals and their historical implications”, in Indogermanische Forschungen‎[1], volume 130, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, page 28
    2. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἀοσσέω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 112-113
    3. ^ Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015), The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 25
    4. ^ Yates, Anthony (2018), “PIE *–oi-stems were not "amphikinetic": Decoupling stress mobility and *o-vocalism”, in Paper presented at the 30th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference‎[2], Los Angelos, California, page 2
    5. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*sókʷ-h₂-ōi”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 115
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “socius”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 569
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