Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sokʷh₂ṓy

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

    From *sekʷ- (“to follow”) +‎ *-éh₂ (action noun suffix) +‎ *-ṓy (animate deverbal/denominal suffix).[1]

    Noun

    *sokʷh₂ṓy m[2][3][4]

    1. follower in one's retinue

    Reconstruction notes

    • The linguist Anthony Yates suggests that Ancient Greek ἀοσσέω (aosséō), Latin socius, and Proto-Germanic *sagjaz reflect the same thematicized pre-form.[3] However, Donald Ringe argues that the Germanic and Hellenic forms cannot have been inherited from the same source because they "share no common ancestor that Indo-Iranian does not also share."[5] Regardless, the linguist Andrew Byrd argues that the Germanic, Greek, and Latin forms continue the exact same pre-form and thus guarantee PIE status for *sokʷyós.[6]
    • It has also been argued that the form *sokʷyós may instead derive directly from the root *sekʷ-.[7] De Vaan suggests that it is not certain whether the Latin and Germanic forms are derived from the same *h₂-stem noun due to the absence of the laryngeal.[8]

    Declension

    Athematic, hysterokinetic
    singular
    nominative *sokʷh₂ṓy
    genitive *sokʷh₂yés
    singular dual plural
    nominative *sokʷh₂ṓy *sokʷh₂óyh₁(e) *sokʷh₂óyes
    vocative *sokʷh₂óy *sokʷh₂óyh₁(e) *sokʷh₂óyes
    accusative *sokʷh₂ṓm *sokʷh₂óyh₁(e) *sokʷh₂óym̥s
    genitive *sokʷh₂yés *? *sokʷh₂yóHom
    ablative *sokʷh₂yés *? *sokʷh₂imós, *sokʷh₂ibʰós
    dative *sokʷh₂yéy *? *sokʷh₂imós, *sokʷh₂ibʰós
    locative *sokʷh₂óy, *sokʷh₂ṓy *? *sokʷh₂isú
    instrumental *sokʷh₂yéh₁ *? *sokʷh₂imís, *sokʷh₂ibʰís

    Alternative reconstructions

    • *sókʷ-h₂-ōy ~ *sekʷ-h₂-yós[9]
    • *sokʷH-ōy ~ *sokʷH-yo-[10]

    Derived terms

    • *sokʷyós[10][8][11]
      • Proto-Italic: *sokjos (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Germanic: *sagjaz (“retainer, warrior”) (see there for further descendants)
      • *sm̥sokʷyós[12][13]
        • Ancient Greek: *ἀοσσος (*aossos)

    Descendants

    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sákʰā (“friend, companion”) (see there for further descendants)

    References

    1. ^ Yates, Anthony (2022), “A new prosodic reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European *-mon-stems”, in Indo-European Linguistics, volume 10, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, page 271 of 214–288
    2. ^ Yates, Anthony D. (2019), “Suffixal* o-vocalism without “amphikinesis:” On Proto-Indo-European*–oi-stems and ablaut as a diagnostic for word stress”, in Goldstein, David M, Jamison, Stephanie W, Vine, Brent, editors, Proceedings of the 30th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference‎[1]
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Yates, Anthony (2018), “PIE *–oi-stems were not "amphikinetic": Decoupling stress mobility and *o-vocalism”, in Paper presented at the 30th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference‎[2], Los Angelos, California, page 2
    4. ^ Yates, Anthony D. (1 August 2025), “The Anatolian reflexes of Indo-European τομή-, φυγή-, τόμος-, and τομός-type nominals and their historical implications”, in Indogermanische Forschungen‎[3], volume 130, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, page 28
    5. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[4], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 110
    6. ^ Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015), The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 211
    7. ^ Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015), The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 220
    8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “socius”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 569-570
    9. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*sókʷ-h₂-ōi”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 115
    10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sagja- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 420
    11. ^ Stiles, Patrick V. (2017–2018), “Chapter IX: Germanic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Germanic, page 896
    12. ^ Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015), The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 25
    13. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἀοσσέω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 112-113
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