Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/jāráyati

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

Secondary causative of *járati.^[1]

Verb

*jāráyati

to be angered, vexed
to be tormented, pained

Inflection

aya-causative
Sing.	3rd	*jāráyati
Plur.	3rd	*jāráyanti
Active voice
		Indicative	Imperfect	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
Sing.	1st	*jāráyaH(mi)	*jāráyam	—	*jāráyaH(ni)	*jāráyayam
	2nd	*jāráyahi	*jāráyah	*jāráya	*jāráyaHah(i)	*jāráyayš
	3rd	*jāráyati	*jāráyat	*jāráyatu	*jāráyaHat(i)	*jāráyayt
Dual	1st	?	?	—	?	?
	2nd	*jāráyaθHah	?	*jāráyaθHam	?	?
	3rd	*jāráyatah	*jāráyatam	*jāráyatām	*jāráyaHtah	?
Plur.	1st	*jāráyāmah(i)	*jāráyāma	—	*jāráyaHama	*jāráyayma
	2nd	*jāráyaθHa	*jāráyata	*jāráyata	*jāráyaHθaHa	*jāráyayta
	3rd	*jāráyanti	*jāráyantu	*jāráyantu	*jāráyaHant(i)	*jāráyayant
Participle		*jāráyāh
Mediopassive voice
		Indicative	Imperfect	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
Sing.	1st	*jāráyay	*jāráyay	—	*jāráyaHi	*jāráyaya
	2nd	*jāráyahay	*jāráyaha	*jāráyahwa	*jāráyaHahay	*jāráyayša
	3rd	*jāráyatay	*jāráyata	*jāráyatām	*jāráyaHatay	*jāráyayta
Dual	1st	?	?	—	?	?
	2nd	*jāráyayθHay	?	?	?	?
	3rd	*jāráyaytay	*jāráyaytam	?	?	*jāráyayātam
Plur.	1st	*jāráyāmaday	*jāráyāmadi	—	*jāráyaHāmaday	*jāráyaymadi
	2nd	*jāráyadway	*jāráyadwam	*jāráyaydwam	*jāráyaHadway	*jāráyaydwam
	3rd	jāráyantay, -aray	*jāráyanta	*jāráyantām	jāráyaHantay, -aHaram	*jāráyayanta
Participle		*jāráyaHnah

Derived terms

*aHjāráyati
*jāryáh
*jārah
- Baluchi: زار (zâr, “anger”)^[2]
- Parthian: (“sorrow, suffering”)^[3]
  Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫀𐫡 (zʾr /⁠zār⁠/)
  - → Middle Persian: *zār
    - Persian: زار (zâr, “lamentation”)
      - > Tajik: зор (zor) (inherited)
      - → Armenian: զար (zar), զառ (zaṙ)
      - → Azerbaijani: zar
      - → Georgian: ზარი (zari)
      - → Gujarati: ઝાર (jhār)
      - → Hindustani:
        Hindi: ज़ार (zār)
        Urdu: زار (zār)
      - → Ottoman Turkish: زار (zâr)
        > Turkish: zar (inherited)
- Pashto: زور (zawër, “grief, concern, anxiety”)
*upajāráyati
- Khotanese: [script needed] (pzʾr-, “to blame, rebuke”)
- Sogdian:
  Old Sogdian script: [Old Sogdian needed] (ʾpzʾrnʾt /⁠(ə)pzarnāt⁠/, “to disturb”, 3sg.subj.pres.)^[4]^[2]
*wijāráyati
- Middle Persian: (/⁠widārēd, wiyārēd⁠/, “to suffer, endure”)^[5] (restored -d-?)
  Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫏𐫅𐫀𐫡𐫏𐫅 (wydʾryd)
  - → Parthian:
    Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫏𐫅𐫀𐫡𐫏𐫍 (wydʾryh /⁠widārē⁠/, 2sg.pres.), 𐫇𐫅𐫀𐫡𐫏𐫗𐫅 (wdʾrynd /⁠widārēnd⁠/, 3pl.pres.)

Descendants

Parthian: *zārdēd
- → Middle Persian: *zārdēd
  - Persian: زاریدن (zâridan)^[3]

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*?*g̑ʰeRH-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 178
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*zarH¹ 'to hurt, wound, anger'”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 469
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*zarH³ 'to bewail the deceased'”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 470
^ Gharib, B. (1995), “1411”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 55
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*darH 'to have pain'”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 61

[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*?*g̑ʰeRH-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 178

[zarH¹-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*zarH¹ 'to hurt, wound, anger'”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 469

[zarH³-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*zarH³ 'to bewail the deceased'”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 470

[4] Gharib, B. (1995), “1411”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 55

[5] Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*darH 'to have pain'”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 61

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