Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/aHjāráyati

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From *aH- +‎ *jāráyati, secondary causative of *járati.^[1]

Verb

*aHjāráyati^[2]^[3]

to torment, offend
to hurt, wound

Inflection

aya-causative
Sing.	3rd	*aHjāráyati
Plur.	3rd	*aHjāráyanti
Active voice
		Indicative	Imperfect	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
Sing.	1st	*aHjāráyaH(mi)	*aHjāráyam	—	*aHjāráyaH(ni)	*aHjāráyayam
	2nd	*aHjāráyahi	*aHjāráyah	*aHjāráya	*aHjāráyaHah(i)	*aHjāráyayš
	3rd	*aHjāráyati	*aHjāráyat	*aHjāráyatu	*aHjāráyaHat(i)	*aHjāráyayt
Dual	1st	?	?	—	?	?
	2nd	*aHjāráyaθHah	?	*aHjāráyaθHam	?	?
	3rd	*aHjāráyatah	*aHjāráyatam	*aHjāráyatām	*aHjāráyaHtah	?
Plur.	1st	*aHjāráyāmah(i)	*aHjāráyāma	—	*aHjāráyaHama	*aHjāráyayma
	2nd	*aHjāráyaθHa	*aHjāráyata	*aHjāráyata	*aHjāráyaHθaHa	*aHjāráyayta
	3rd	*aHjāráyanti	*aHjāráyantu	*aHjāráyantu	*aHjāráyaHant(i)	*aHjāráyayant
Participle		*aHjāráyāh
Mediopassive voice
		Indicative	Imperfect	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
Sing.	1st	*aHjāráyay	*aHjāráyay	—	*aHjāráyaHi	*aHjāráyaya
	2nd	*aHjāráyahay	*aHjāráyaha	*aHjāráyahwa	*aHjāráyaHahay	*aHjāráyayša
	3rd	*aHjāráyatay	*aHjāráyata	*aHjāráyatām	*aHjāráyaHatay	*aHjāráyayta
Dual	1st	?	?	—	?	?
	2nd	*aHjāráyayθHay	?	?	?	?
	3rd	*aHjāráyaytay	*aHjāráyaytam	?	?	*aHjāráyayātam
Plur.	1st	*aHjāráyāmaday	*aHjāráyāmadi	—	*aHjāráyaHāmaday	*aHjāráyaymadi
	2nd	*aHjāráyadway	*aHjāráyadwam	*aHjāráyaydwam	*aHjāráyaHadway	*aHjāráyaydwam
	3rd	aHjāráyantay, -aray	*aHjāráyanta	*aHjāráyantām	aHjāráyaHantay, -aHaram	*aHjāráyayanta
Participle		*aHjāráyaHnah

Derived terms

*aHjāráh
- Kurdish:
  Central Kurdish: ئازار (azar, “annoyance; pain”)
- Pashto: آزار (āzār, “illness; offense”)
- Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾcʾl /⁠āzār⁠/)^[4]
  - Persian: آزار (âzâr, “affliction, disease, grieve, vexation, annoyance, injury”)^[1] (see there for further descendants)
*aHjārikah
- Khotanese: [script needed] (ʾzʾryk, “harm”)

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Younger Avestan: 𐬁𐬰𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬧𐬙𐬈 (āzāraiieṇte, 3pl.med.caus.), 𐬁𐬰𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬋𐬌𐬱 (āzāraiiōiš, “to hurt, wound, offend”, 2sg.opt.caus.)^[1]
Northeastern Iranian:
- Khwarezmian: [script needed] (ʾzʾry-, “to offend”), [script needed] (mʾzʾryd, 3sg.impf.)^[5]^[1]
- Sogdian:
  Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫀𐫉𐫏𐫡𐫖 (ʾʾzyrm /⁠āzarm⁠/, “to offend, hurt”, 1sg.caus.pres.)^[1]
  
  Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼰𐼵𐼰𐼷𐽀𐽂 (ʾʾzʾyrt /⁠āzērd⁠/, “to hurt, trouble”)^[1]^[2]
Northwestern Iranian:
- Parthian: 𐫀𐫉𐫀𐫡𐫏𐫅 (ʾzʾryd /⁠āzārēd⁠/, 3sg.pres.ind.)^[1]
  - → Middle Persian: (/⁠āzārēd⁠/, “to torment, offend; to hurt”, 3sg.pres.ind.)
    Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫀𐫉𐫀𐫡𐫏𐫅 (ʾʾzʾryd), 𐫀𐫉𐫀𐫡𐫏𐫅 (ʾzʾryd)
    
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾcʾlyt), [Book Pahlavi needed] (’clt /⁠āzard⁠/, ppp.), [Book Pahlavi needed] (’cwlt /⁠āzurd⁠/, ppp.)
    - Persian: آزردن (âzordan, “to annoy, torment”)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Middle Persian: (/⁠ayārdēd⁠/, “to suffer; to be distressed, tormented”)^[6]
  Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫏𐫀𐫡𐫅𐫏𐫗𐫅 (ʾyʾrdynd, 3pl.pres.), 𐫀𐫏𐫀𐫡𐫅𐫀𐫗𐫅 (ʾyʾrdʾnd, 3pl.subj.pres.)
  
  Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾdʾltyt)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*zarH¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 469
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Gharib, B. (1995), “ʾʾzyr-¹”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 17: “āzāraya-”
^ Benzing, Johannes (1983), “ʾzry-”, in Chwaresmischer Wortindex, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 134: “*ā-zarya-; *ā-zāraya-”
^ MacKenzie, D. N. (1971), A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 15
^ Benzing, Johannes (1983), Chwaresmischer Wortindex, Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz, page 132
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*darH”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 61

[Cheung_zarH-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*zarH¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 469

[Gharib-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Gharib, B. (1995), “ʾʾzyr-¹”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 17: “āzāraya-”

[3] Benzing, Johannes (1983), “ʾzry-”, in Chwaresmischer Wortindex, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 134: “*ā-zarya-; *ā-zāraya-”

[4] MacKenzie, D. N. (1971), A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 15

[5] Benzing, Johannes (1983), Chwaresmischer Wortindex, Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz, page 132

[6] Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*darH”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 61

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