Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/gayHθáH

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From *gáyHah (“life, vitality”) +‎ *-θaH (abstract noun suffix).^[1]

Noun

*gayHθáH f

(living) property, estate
(in the plural) living beings, living world

Inflection

aH-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gayHθáH	*gayHθáy	*gayHθā́h
vocative	*gáyHθay	*gáyHθay	*gáyHθāh
accusative	*gayHθā́m	*gayHθáy	*gayHθā́h
instrumental	*gayHθáH, -ayaH	*gayHθáHbʰyā(m)	*gayHθáHbʰiš
ablative	*gayHθáyaHh	*gayHθáHbʰyā(m)	*gayHθáHbʰyah
dative	*gayHθáyaHi	*gayHθáHbʰyā(m)	*gayHθáHbʰyah
genitive	*gayHθáyaHh	*gayHθáyHāh	*gayHθáHnaHam
locative	*gayHθáyaH	*gayHθáyHaw	*gayHθáHhu

Alternative reconstructions

*gayθáH^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Derived terms

*gayHθabaHnah (“herdsman, shepherd”)
- Khwarezmian: 𐾳𐾺𐾼𐾲𐾰𐾾 (ɣyδβʾn)
- Parthian: 𐫃𐫏𐫍𐫁𐫀𐫗 (gyhbʾn /⁠gēhbān⁠/)
- Middle Persian: 𐫃𐫏𐫍𐫁𐫀𐫗 (gyhbʾn /⁠gēhbān⁠/)
*hangayHθáH^[6]^[2]
- Parthian: 𐫍𐫀𐫖𐫃𐫏𐫍̠ (hʾmgyh̠ /⁠hāmgēh, hāmɣēh⁠/, “partner”)
  - ⇒ Parthian: 𐫍𐫀𐫖𐫃𐫏𐫍𐫏𐫜𐫤 (hʾmgyhyft /⁠hāmgēhīft, hāmɣēhīft⁠/, “partnership”)
- Old Persian: *hangaiθā
  - → Imperial Aramaic: 𐡇𐡍𐡂𐡉𐡕 (ḥngyt)^[6] [5th c. BCE]
- ⇒ *hangayHθákaH^[7]^[2]
  - Khwarezmian: 𐾰𐾾𐾻𐾺𐾼𐾺𐾻 (ʾnkyδyk), 𐾰𐾾𐾻𐾺𐾼𐾻 (ʾnkyδk /⁠angēθ⁠⁠/, “partner”)
    - ⇒ Khwarezmian: 𐾰𐾾𐾻𐾺𐾼𐾺𐾻𐾰𐾶𐾻⁠ (ʾnkyδykʾwk⁠, “partnership”)
  - Sogdian: (“partnership”)
    Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼻𐼲𐼷𐼹𐼷𐼰 (ʾnɣyδyʾ /⁠ənɣēθē⁠⁠⁠⁠/)
    
    Syriac script: ܐܓ̣ܝܬ̣ܝ⁠⁠ (ʾɣyθy /⁠əɣēθ⁠ē⁠/)

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Avestan: (“household, property; living beings, world”)
  Old Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬉𐬚𐬃 (gaēθā̊, f nom pl), 𐬔𐬀𐬉𐬚𐬀𐬥𐬄𐬨 (gaēθanąm, f gen pl), 𐬔𐬀𐬉𐬚𐬁𐬵𐬏 (gaēθāhū, f loc pl)
  
  Younger Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬉𐬚𐬀𐬥𐬄𐬨 (gaēθanąm, f gen pl), 𐬔𐬀𐬉𐬚𐬁𐬠𐬌𐬌𐬋 (gaēθābiiō, f abl pl), 𐬔𐬀𐬉𐬚𐬁𐬎𐬎𐬌𐬌𐬋 (gaēθāuuiiō, f dat pl), 𐬔𐬀𐬉𐬚𐬁𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀 (gaēθāhuua), 𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬁𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀 (gāθāhuua, f loc pl), 𐬔𐬀𐬉𐬚𐬁𐬠𐬌𐬱 (gaēθābiš, f instr pl)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Scythian: *gēθā
  - Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *ɣēθa
    - Proto-Saka: *gēθa (see there for further descendants)
- Sogdian: 𐼲𐼷𐼹𐼳 (ɣyδh /⁠gēθ⁠/, “flock”)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Pathan: *ɣēlē (< nom pl *gayθāh^[4])
  - Pashto: غېلې f pl (ǧele, “flock”)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Parthian: 𐫃𐫏𐫍𐫀𐫗 (gyhʾn /⁠gēhān⁠/, “world”) (< gen pl *gayθaHnaHam)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian: *gaiθā
  - Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gyẖ /⁠gēh⁠/, “property”)
  - Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gyẖʾn' /⁠gēhān⁠/, “living beings, living world”) (< gen pl *gaiθānām)
    - Classical Persian: گیهان (gēhān)
      - Dari: جهان (jahān)
      - Iranian Persian: جهان (jahān) (see there for further descendants)
      - Tajik: ҷаҳон (jahon), геҳон (gehon)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001), “gehá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 496: “*gai̯-tʰa- > av gaēθā-”
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*gaiθā- ‘житье; средства к существованию’”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 107: “*han-gaiθaka-”
^ Dragoni, Federico (2022) Watañi lāntaṃ: Khotanese and Tumshuqese loanwords in Tocharian (Thesis)‎^[2], Leiden University, page 88: “PIr. *gaiθā-”
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Cheung, Johnny (2011), Selected Pashto Problems II. Historical Phonology 1: On Vocalism and Etyma (Iran and the Caucasus)‎^[3], volume 15, numbers 1-2, Brill Academic Publishers, page 185: “pl. *gaiθā́h”
^ Schmitt, Rüdiger (2014), “gai̭ϑā-”, in Wörterbuch Der Altpersischen Königsinschriften [Dictionary of Old Persian Royal Inscriptions] (in German), Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 178: “Iran. *gai̭ϑā-”
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Benzing, Johannes (1983), “*’nkyθ”, in Chwaresmischer Wortindex, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 71: “*han-gaiθa-”
^ Benzing, Johannes (1983), “’nkyθyk”, in Chwaresmischer Wortindex, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 71: “*han-gaiθaka-”

[EWAia-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001), “gehá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 496: “*gai̯-tʰa- > av gaēθā-”

[ESIJa-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–), “*gaiθā- ‘житье; средства к существованию’”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 107: “*han-gaiθaka-”

[3] Dragoni, Federico (2022) Watañi lāntaṃ: Khotanese and Tumshuqese loanwords in Tocharian (Thesis)‎^[2], Leiden University, page 88: “PIr. *gaiθā-”

[Cheung-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Cheung, Johnny (2011), Selected Pashto Problems II. Historical Phonology 1: On Vocalism and Etyma (Iran and the Caucasus)‎^[3], volume 15, numbers 1-2, Brill Academic Publishers, page 185: “pl. *gaiθā́h”

[5] Schmitt, Rüdiger (2014), “gai̭ϑā-”, in Wörterbuch Der Altpersischen Königsinschriften [Dictionary of Old Persian Royal Inscriptions] (in German), Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 178: “Iran. *gai̭ϑā-”

[CW-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Benzing, Johannes (1983), “*’nkyθ”, in Chwaresmischer Wortindex, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 71: “*han-gaiθa-”

[7] Benzing, Johannes (1983), “’nkyθyk”, in Chwaresmischer Wortindex, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 71: “*han-gaiθaka-”

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