Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wértetor

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

    Thematic root present of *wert- (“to turn”).

    Verb

    *wértetor (imperfective)[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]

    1. to turn, be turning

    Conjugation

    Imperfective, thematic, middle only
    3rd singular *wértetor
    3rd plural *wértontor
    Middle voice Present indicative Past indicative Imperative Subjunctive Optative
    1st singular *wértoh₂er *wértoh₂e — *wértōh₂er *wértoyh₂e
    2nd singular *wérteth₂er *wérteth₂e *wérteso *wértēth₂er *wértoyth₂e
    3rd singular *wértetor *wérteto *? *wértētor *wértoyto, *wértoyh₁o
    1st dual *wértowosdʰh₂ *wértowedʰh₂ — *wértōwosdʰh₂ *wértoywedʰh₂
    2nd dual *? *? *? *? *?
    3rd dual *? *? *? *? *?
    1st plural *wértomosdʰh₂ *wértomedʰh₂ — *wértōmosdʰh₂ *wértoymedʰh₂
    2nd plural *wértedʰh₂we *wértedʰh₂we *wértedʰh₂we *wértēdʰh₂we *wértoydʰh₂we
    3rd plural *wértontor *wértonto *? *wértōntor *wértoyro
    Participle *wértomnos

    Descendants

    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • ⇒ Lithuanian: ver̃sti (“to fell, turn over”) (perhaps secondarily reshaped into a ye-present)
    • Proto-Celtic: *werteti (“to turn over”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Germanic: *werþaną (“to become, come about, happen”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • >? Ancient Greek: ἔρρω (érrhō, “to go slowly, to limp”)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wártatay
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wártatay
      • Proto-Iranian:
        • Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀𐬙𐬀 (varətata)[8]
    • Proto-Italic: *wertō (“to turn”) (see there for further descendants)

    References

    1. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*ṷert-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 691-692: “*ṷért-e- Med.”
    2. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “VART”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 518: “*ṷért-e-toi̯”
    3. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*werþan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 581-582: “*uért-e-”
    4. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “ve/ortō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 666-667: “*uert-e/o- 'to turn'”
    5. ^ Villanueva Svensson, Miguel (2021), “The origin of the Indo-European simple thematic presents: The nominal connection”, in Indo-European Linguistics, volume 9, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, page 284 of 264–292: “*ṷért-e/o- 'turn'”
    6. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[3], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 157: “*wért-e/o- 'to be turning'”
    7. ^ Leppänen, Ville (2018-05-17) Ablaut and the Latin verb: aspects of morphophonological change (Thesis)‎[4], Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, pages 44: “*ṷért-e/o- (medium tantum)”
    8. ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*ṷart”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 423-425

    Further reading

    • Mann, Stuart E. (1984–1987), “ṷertō”, in An Indo-European Comparative Dictionary‎[5], Hamburg: Buske, column 1522
    • Fick, August (1890–1909), “vértô”, in Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), 4th edition, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, page 131
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